Chapter 39: The Respiratory System

simple organisms, like cnidarians, exchange gas via ___

simple diffusion

what system do insects have that contain epithelial tubes that function as a respiratory organ?

tracheal system

insects have this hole structure that pulls gas from the environment into the trachea

spiracles

“trachea → air sacs → tracheoles” describes ___

how insects respire

respiration through the skin is done via ___

cutaneous gas exchange

what kind of vertebrates have cutaneous respiration and functional lungs?

amphibians and reptiles

true or false: permeable skin may result in dehydration or toxic absorption

true

these thin tissue filaments are highly branched and folded with many capillaries for gas exchange among gnathostomes

gills

true or false: gills can only be external

false. gills can be internal (protection) or external

why are gills needed for gas exchange?

because oxygen dissolves less than 1% in water

true or false: water and blood move bidirectionally in the gills and their blood vessels, respectively

false. water and blood move in one direction in the gills and their blood vessels, respectively

this form of gas exchange allows oxygen to move from water into the blood

countercurrent gas exchange

true or false: in countercurrent gas exchange, oxygen concentration is higher in water

true

true or false: countercurrent gas exchange allows for max oxygen extraction and carbon dioxide secretion

true

this form of gas exchange prevents more oxygen from entering the blood after a certain point

cocurrent gas exchange

true or false: in concurrent gas exchange, oxygen concentration is different in water and blood

false. in concurrent gas exchange, oxygen concentration is the same in water and blood

this type of respiration brings oxygen in and removes it from the body

inhalation

this type of respiration exchanges gases between air and blood in the lungs

external respiration

this type of respiration exchanges gases between blood and body tissues

internal respiration

this type of respiration exchanges gases between cells to make energy

cellular respiration

this component of the upper respiratory system contains the nose, nasal passage, and sinuses

nasal cavity

“passageway for respiration composed of ciliated cells and resonating chambers for voice” describes the ___

function of the nasal cavity

this component of the upper respiratory system connects the nose and mouth to the esophagus

pharynx

this component of the upper respiratory system is known as the voice box

larynx

“flexible cartilage flap that routes air and food” describes what structure of the larynx?

epiglottis

“vibrates for sound production” describes what structure of the larynx?

vocal cords

this component of the upper respiratory system transports air to and from lungs

trachea (windpipe)

true or false: the trachea is composed of U-shaped cartilage rings held together by epithelia tissue and skeletal muscle

false. the trachea is composed of C-shaped cartilage rings held together by connective tissue and smooth muscle

true or false: the trachea is lined with mucus-secreting ciliated epithelium to trap foreign particles and move them up and out of lungs

true

bronchi

branches of the trachea containing ciliated epithelia, smooth muscle, and cartilage

bronchioles

smallest branches lacking cartilage and cilia

true or false: bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs called bronchi

false. bronchioles deliver air to tiny sacs called alveoli (alveolus)

lungs

supportive tissue enclosing bronchi, bronchioles, blood vessels, and alveoli

true or false: lungs are enclosed in two layers of pleural membranes

true

why does the pleural cavity contain fluid?

to reduce friction during breathing

how many lobes does each lung have?

left = 2, right = 3

these structures are the sites of gas exchange

alveoli

what do lungs receive from the heart via pulmonary arteries?

deoxygenated blood

what structures allow blood to come into close proximity with air in alveoli?

pulmonary capillaries

veins collect oxygenated blood from alveolar capillaries, sending it to which side of the heart?

the left side of the heart

breathing involves a pressure gradient and what type of effort?

muscle effort

true or false: lungs have skeletal muscles

false. lungs don’t have skeletal muscles

“diaphragm contracts → muscle pulls down → thoracic cavity volume expands” describes ___

inspiration (step 1 of breathing)

“diaphragm relaxes → thoracic cavity volume decreases” describes ___

expiration (step 2 of breathing)