UNIT 1 - Native American Societies & European Exploration | APUSH

Uses information and specific examples from the notes guide linked in the collective Google Doc; therefore, other examples can work for answers if they apply to the question. :)

How did maize contribute to agriculture, economy, and settlements?

Boosted economy, allowed for complex irrigation systems, and allowed for permanent (sedentary) settlements

What is an example of an Indigenous society in the Northeast?

Iroquois

Were the Northeast groups (Iroqouis) nomadic or sedentary? How did they perform agriculture?

They relied on maize and had decent agriculture; they were semi-sedentary due to production of maize.

What is an example of an Indigenous society in the Atlantic Coast?

Cherokee

Quality of agriculture for Atlantic Coast (Cherokee) society? Sedentary or Nomadic?

Agricultural society with beans, maize, and squash; they were semi-sedentary

What is an example of an Indigenous society in the Mississippian Territories?

Cahokia

Describe structure and agriculture of Mississippian groups (Cahokia) society?

Agriculture was sufficient due to numerous rivers and saturated soil; they had very complex societies and structure, as well as social hierarchies, sedentary

What is an example of an Indigenous society in the Great Basin/Great Plains region?

Ute

Describe environment of Great Basin/Great Plains peoples (Ute)? Sedentary or Nomadic?

Very hot and arid climate, resulting in nomadic groups that moved with the seasons for certain crops. Lived in extended family groups

What is an example of an Indigenous society in the Pacific Coast?

Chinook

Describe agriculture, resources, and structure of Pacific Coast peoples (Chinook)?

Isolated by environment, surrounded by oceans with vast resources, did not practice agriculture, built permanent settlements

What is a Joint-Stock Company?

Company structure in which investors can invest in exploration, sharing profits and losses, thus having less risk for stock holders

What were Conquistadores?

Spanish expeditions/fleets targeted to explore regions for gold and silver, specifically toppling Incas and Aztecs in Mexico and southern regions

What is the Encomienda System?

Spanish system of forced labor in which slaves are given to colonizers/Spaniards to work on plantations in exchange for Christian education and protection.

What is the Caste System?

Racial hierarchy developed by Spanish in which pure-blooded Spaniards were at the peak, mixed-races in the middle, and Indigenous/Africans at the bottom

What was the reconquista?

Spanish conquest to take back lands controlled by Muslims

What were the primary reasons for European exploration?

God, Gold, and Glory

How did disease impact Indigenous populations? Example?

Destroy Native populations, killing most of them, allowing Europeans to easily conquer. An example is the Spanish introducing smallpox, allowing them to easily topple the Aztecs and Incas.

How did the exchange of food and plants impact Europe?

Led to great population increase

How did the exchange of animals impact the New World?

Introduces cattle, pigs, and horses. Horses increased warfare, efficient hunting, and more for native peoples.

How did the exchange of peoples impact the New World?

Enslaved Africans brought to new world for slavery through the Middle Passage

In what two ways did Indigenous people resist European colonization?

Diplomatic resistance and military resistance

What topic did the Valladolid debates regard?

Indigenous rights to freedom and fair treatment from slavery

How did Europeans and Indigenous differ on land usage?

Europeans believe land could be privately owned, Indigenous believed it spiritual and belonging to all

How did Europeans and Indigenous differ on religion?

Europeans were Christian and monotheistic, Indigenous were polytheistic and had less separation b/w the spiritual and the material

How did Europeans and Indigenous differ on Gender Roles?

Europeans were patriarchal, Indigenous were more equal and even matrilineal

How did Europeans and Indigenous differ on family?

Europeans emphasized the Nuclear family, Indigenous emphasized long, extended, ancestral families

Examples of Indigenous military resistance to European colonization?

Pueblo revolt, Taino Rebellion

What time period is this unit set in?

c. 1491-1607