bio unit 3

land plants were the first organisums that could survive with their

tissues exposed to air

before plants could evolve, terrestrial life was limited to

bacteria, archea, single celled protists

building soil provides

food for decomposers

holding soil prevents

nutrients from being lost to wind or water erosion

water and hold soil

plants provide services such as

producing oxygen, build & hold soil, moderates climate

how do plants moderate climate

provides shade, reduces impact of wind on landscapes

artificial selections

changes traits of domesticated species

non vascular plants

lack vascular tissue, mosses, use spores not seeds for reproduction

seed plants

have vascular tissue, make seeds

cuticle

keeps plant from drying out

what 3 adaptations solved the drying problem in early plants

preventing water loss

protection from UV rays

moving water to tissues from direct to no acces to water

first plants had

cuticle, UV absorbing compounds (sunscreen)

stoma

waxy cuticle cover that allows gas exchange and minimizes water loss

three adaptations that were instrumental for efficient plant reproduction in dry environment

spores, gametes , embryos

spores resisted

drying due to coat of spropollenin

gametes are

produced in complex multicellular structures

embryos are

retained and nourished by parent plant

all land plants undergo alternation of generations which in which indivauls have

multicellular haploid phase, multicellular diploid phase

multicellular haploid phase

gametoppyte

multicellular diploid phase

sporophyte

dipold soprophytes produce

haploid spores by meosis

haploid gametoppyte produce

gametes by mitosis

gametophyte (n) have ____ (n) which fuse to ____ (2n)and undergoes ____ to turn in _____

____(2n) undergo ___ to turn to ____(n)

____ (n)undergo ____ to turn to gametophyte(n)

gametes , zygotes, mitosis, sporpphyte

sporophyte, meiosis, spores

spores, mitosis

gametophyte-dominat life cycle found in

non vascular plants

depends on gametophyte for nutrition while sporophyte is small and short lived

sporophyte-dominat life cycle found in

ferns and other vascular plant

sporophyte is larger and longer lives than gametophyte

sporophyte-dominat life cycle is more advantageous due to

sporophyte having 2n

means diploid can respond to varying enviromental condition better

in a dominat sporophyte life cyle

gametophytes grow from sporophytes

pollen grains in land plants allow

plants living in dry habitats to reproduce effiecenly

pollen grains are

tiny male gametophytes surround by coat of sporpollenin

also carried to female gametophyte by wind or animals

in ferns or horsetails sporophytes live in same place as

thier parent gametophyte

seeds contain

embryo and nutrients provided by mother

stamen

conatins anther, where microsporangia develop

carpel

contains ovary, ovules are found containing megosporangia

angiosperm fertaliztion

one fuses with egg to form diploid (2n) zygote

one fuses with two nuclei in female gametophyte which forms triploid (3n) nutritive tissue (endosperm)

flower life cycle of double fertilization

fruits are structures

derived from ovary and encloses one or more seeds

trees grown in shade have

larger leaves

plant cells are surrounded by

cellulose-rich primary cell wall

some plants have rigid secondary cell wall

cytoplasm of

adjacent plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata

allows for communication between cells

epiphytic plants

non parasitic, grow in absence of soil, leaves or branches of trees

parasitic plants

live on or in a host

most parasitic plants are photosynetic and use

haustroia to extract water and ions from the xylem of host plant

some parasitic plants are heterotroph producing structures called

haustroia that can penetrate host vascular system to obtain water and neutrients

heterotrophy

obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisums

Cambrian period

most rapid period of animals evolution

542-488 mya

choanoflagellates and sponges comparison

benthic (live at bottom of aquatic enviroments)

sessile (adults live permanently attached to substrates instead of moving freely)

feeding occurs at cellular level

diploblats

animals whos embryos have two types of tissues

radiata diploblats

two germ layers: entoderm and endoderm

group of radially symmetrical animals that are diploblastic,

body parts are arranged around a central axis

bilaterata triploblasts

three germ layers

entoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

acelomates

lack body cavity

mesoderm is filled with tissue

flatworms

pseudocoelomates

false body cavity

made from endoderm and mesoderm

hydrostatic skeleton

roundoworms

coelomates

aries from mesoderm

tissues holds organs in place

body tissues holds

segmentation

division of body or part of body in small structures

animal locomotion

finding food

finding mates

escaping from predators

dispersing to new habiatats

hydrostatic skeletion

a type of skeleton supported by fluid pressure within a closed body cavity, common in soft-bodied invertebrates like worms and jellyfish

endoskeleton

support from inside the body

bones

exoskeleton

support from outside the body

external armor

parthanogensis

a form of asexual reproduction where offspring develop from an unfertilized egg

mesoderm

the middle of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source especially of bone, muscle, connective tissue, and dermis

endoderm

the innermost of the three primary germ layers in an embryo, giving rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, as well as various internal organs and glands. 

ectoderm

the outermost layer, forms the outer layer of skin, nervous system, and related structures

earliest vertebrate fossils

are in china and canda

earliest members lived in the ocean

traits of early vertabrates

lived in ocean

streamlined, fish-like bodies, gills, post-anal tail, cranium made of cartilage

first evidence of the jaw and lungs

placoderms had first jaw- from gill arches

lungs(auxiliary source of oxygen for heart)-arose as out pockets of the esophagus

3 major lineages of living tetrapods (4 limnbs)

amphibians

mammals

reptiles

lobe finned fish: the coelacanth have

bone structures in pectoral fins that allow for support

amphibians (both sides living) are

the first tetra pods to live on land (frogs , salamanders,etc)

feed on land, lay eggs in water

gas exchange occurs on moist skin

amniota

lineage that includes other terta pods other than amphibians

the amniotic egg consists of

yolk/yolk sac

chorion

allantois

amnion

albumen

yolk/yolk sac

transports nutrients to circulatory system of embryo

chorion

promotes exchange in of oxygen and carbon dioxide between embryo and the eggs external enviroment

allantois

stores nitrogenous waste produced by embryo and facilitates respiration

amnion

protects embryo from mechanical shock and supports hydration

albumen

provides the embryo with water and protein

reptiles

monophyletic group that represents second mjaor living lineage of amniotes besides mammals

four major lineages

lizards and snakes

turtles

crocodiles and alligators

birds

many reptiles are ectotherms, meaning:

dont use internally generate heat to regulate body temp

for land transition new adaptations in protostomes must allow

exchange of gases

avoid drying out

holding up thier bodies

round and earth worms has high surface area to volume ratio that allow

efficiency in gas exchange

arthropods and mollsucks have

respiratory structures in body

waxy layer drying out resistant eggs

spiracles

small opening in exoskeletons acting as respiratory opens allowing air and water

arthopod taxonomy lineage

myriapods

chelicerates

insects

crustaceans

characteries of chordates

• notochord- rod shaped structure that runs along nerve chord

• dorsal hollow nerve cord-in vertebrates develops into spinal cord

• pharyngeal gill splits - in vertebrate: gill splits

, in tetra pods develop into ear and tonsils

• post anal tail