Anatomy test 1

what is anatomy?

the study of structure

what isn’t anatomy?

the study of function

cytology

the study of cells

histology

the study of tissue

anatomical position

upright, facing forward, feet apart, palms facing forward

anatomical quadrants

patients right and left

right lob of liver

right upper quadrant

gallbladder

right upper quadrant

right kidney

right upper quadrant

portions of stomach

right upper quadrant

small and large intestine

right upper quadrant

cecum

right lower quadrant

appendix

right lower quadrant

portions of small intestine

right lower quadrant

reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male)

right lower quadrant

right ureter

right lower quadrant

left lobe of liver

left upper quadrant

stomach

left upper quadrant

pancreas

left upper quadrant

left kidney

left upper kidney

spleen

left upper quadrant

portions of large intestine

left upper quadrant

most of small intestine portions of large intestine

left lower quadrant

left ureter

left lower quadrant

reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

left lower quadrant

proximal

toward an attached base

distal

away from an attached base

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

cranial/cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

posterior or dorsal

towards the back

anterior

towards the front

superficial

surface level

lower middle region

hypogastric region

lower right region

right inguinal region

lower left region

left inguinal region

middle right region

right lumbar region

middle left region

left lumbar region

center middle region

umbilical region

upper right region

right hypochondriac region

upper left region

left hypochondriac region

upper middle region

epigastric region

this plane is called

frontal/coronal plane

what does the frontal plane do?

splits body into anterior and posterior

this plane is called

transverse/horizontal plane

what does the transverse plane do?

split the body into cephalic and caudal

this plane is called

sagittal

what does the sagittal plane do?

split the body into left and right halves

which type of sagittal plane splits the body into equal planes?

midsagittal

which type of sagittal plane splits the body into unequal planes?

parasagittal

what are the two dorsal cavities?

cranial cavity ans spinal cavity

What are the two ventral cavities?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

what is included in the thoracic cavity?

right and left pleural cavities, mediastinum and pericardial cavity

what is the mediastinum?

the space between the left and right pleural cavities

what does the pericardial cavity contain?

heart

what are the three parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity

what is the peritoneal cavity?

the peritoneal cavity is the space within the abdominal cavity lined with peritoneum

what is the abdominal cavity?

a large space that houses organs that are both within and outside of the peritoneum

what is the pelvic cavity?

located at bottom of abdominopelvic cavity, included reproductive organs, rectum, urinary bladder, and pelvic floor muscles

what are ventral cavities surrounded by?

serous membrane

what are the two layers of serous membrane?

parietal and visceral

what does the parietal layer of serous membrane do?

lines cavity walls

what does the visceral layer of serous membrane do?

surrounds each organ

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

protection, thermoregulation, waste excretion, liquid synthesis/storage, metabolic functions, cutaneous sensation

what are the 3 ways the integumentary system protects?

protects from physical, chemical and biological

what is one example of thermoregulation?

sweating

what are NOT examples of thermoregulating?

shivering and goosebumps

what is the lowest layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale (burnt)

with layer of the epidermis is attached to the basal lamina?

stratum basale

nemonic for remembering layers of epidermis?

“Come, let’s get sun burnt”

what is the second lowest layer of epidermis?

stratum spinosum (sun)

which layer of the epidermis has several layers of keratinocytes connected by desmosomes?

stratum spinosum

what is the job of keratinocytes?

to make keratin

what is the middle layer of the epidermis?

stratum granulosum (get)

which layer of the epidermis had 3-5 layers where keratinization begins?

stratum granulosum

what is keratinization?

cells become so full of keratin they die

which layer of the epidermis is under the stratum corneum?

stratum lucidum (let’s)

which layer of the skin is only then in thick skin such as the palms of hands or areas with calluses?

stratum lucidum

which layer of skin is the topmost layer of the epidermis?

stratum corneum (come)

what layer of the skin has 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes known as cornfield cells?

stratum corneum

what are basal cells?

large stem cells that divide to replace lost superficial cells

what is the function of melanocytes?

produce melanin

cells found in the epidermis that are sensitive to touch

merkel cells

primarily filled with loose connective tissue with fibroblasts and leukocytes

dermis

which layer of the dermis has areolar CT with collagen and elastic fibers, and contains dermal papillae?

papillary layer

which layer of the dermis is dense irregular CT with adipose cells and many thick collagen fibers?

reticular layer

which layer is deeper, dermis or hypodermis?

hypodermis

what is another name for the hypodermis?

subcutaneous layer

which layer has superficial fascia composed mostly of adipose?

hypodermis

which layer loosely anchors skin to underlying structures and is not technically part of the skin?

hypodermis

is the hypodermis or dermis more richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels?

dermis