AP bio Unit 2

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; ex: bacteria

eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; exs: protists, fungi, plants, and animals

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; made mostly of phospholipids and proteins

cytoplasm

a jelly-like fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

ribosome

nonmembrane-bound organelles where proteins are assembled; found on the RER and throughout the cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

a network of fibers inside the cell that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

cell wall

strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells, such as bacteria (made of peptidoglycan), fungi (made of chitin), and plant cells (made of cellulose)

nucleus

membrane-enclosed structure containing the cell's DNA, RNA, and nucleolus (where ribosomes are made)

nucleolus

found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

nuclear envelope

a highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; RNA travels through its openings to leave the nucleus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

system of internal membranes that is "rough" due to the presence of ribosomes; functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of internal membranes where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down

Golgi complex (body / apparatus)

stack of flattened sacks that modifies products from endoplasmic reticulum and exports them in vesicles to other parts of the cell

vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

central vacuole

a large membranous sac that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water and solutes

vacuole

organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

mitochondria

cell organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

chloroplast

cell organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

lysosome

cell organelle filled with digestive enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

flagella

a long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility; found in most bacteria, some protists, and some animal cells

cilia

hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for cellular locomotion

organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus (P) and that is a structural component in cell membranes

protein

an organic compound made of amino acids; is a principal component of all cells; made by the ribosomes from the genetic code

Nucleus (image)

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Mitochondria (image)

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (image)

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Chloroplast (image)

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Ribosome (image)

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Golgi (image)

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Lysosome (image)

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Cell membrane (image)

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Central Vacuole (image)

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Cell wall (image)

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Cytoplasm (image)

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Cytoskeleton (image)

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