physical science exam 2

:) I'm failing this!

elements combine to form more stable compounds with their own distinct characteristics

combined elements

copper sulfate and oxygen

form copper sulfate

sodium and chlorine

form NaCl

scientific shorthand which shows the type and number of elements needed to make a compound

chemical formula

indicates the number of atoms of an element in the compound

subscript

one atom

no subscript

H₂O

water

what is the amount of atoms and elements mentioned: SiO₂

1 silicon, 2 oxygen

what is the amount of atoms and elements mentioned: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

12 carbon, 22 hydrogen, 11 oxygen

what is the amount of atoms and elements mentioned: HC₂H₃O₂

4 hydrogen, 2 carbon, 2 oxygen

what is the amount of atoms and elements mentioned: N₂O

2 nitrogen, 1 oxygen

what is the amount of atoms and elements mentioned: Mg(OH)₂

1 magnesium, 2 oxygen, 2 hydrogen

atoms combine to form compounds because the compound is more stable than the individual atoms

atom stability

elements in group 18 on the periodic table

noble gases

what group on the periodic table is completely stable

group 18

how many electrons do group 18 have

8 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 1 have

1 valence electron

how many electrons do group 2 have

2 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 13 have

3 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 14 have

4 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 15 have

5 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 16 have

6 valence electrons

how many electrons do group 17 have

7 valence electrons

outer electrons predict how atoms ___

bond

what do atoms do to form compounds

lose, gain, or share electrons

a force which holds atoms together to make a compound

attraction

a chemical bond is formed when a ___ is formed

complete outer energy level

atoms gain or lose electrons to become ___

stable

neutral atoms have how many protons and electrons

equal protons and electrons

positive ions have how many protons and electrons

more protons than electrons

negative ions have how many protons and electrons

more electrons than protons

atoms with less than 4 valence electrons ___ electrons

give up

atoms with more than 4 valence electrons ___ electrons

gain

formed through transferring electrons usually between atoms of metals and nonmetals

ionic bond

ionic bonds have ___ compounds

neutral

bonds formed by the sharing of electrons usually between nonmetals

covalent bond

___ molecules result from atoms that have unequal electron sharing

polar

___ molecules are formed when atoms are identical or are symmetric and bonds are equal

nonpolar

H₂O₂F₂Br₂I₂N₂Cl₂

the diatomic molecules

how to write sodium chloride as a formula

NaCl

how to write potassium sulfide as a formula

K₂S

how to write iron (II) oxide as a formula

FeO

how to name BaCl₂

barium chloride

how to name CuBr₂

copper (II) bromide

how to name Na₃PO₄

sodium phosphate

how to name Al2(CO3)2

aluminum carbonate

how to write calcium hydroxide as a formula

Ca(OH)₂

mono

one

di

two

tri

three

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

how to name N₂O

dinitrogen monoxide

how to name CO₂

carbon dioxide

a change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances

chemical reaction

substances that react

reactants

new substances produced

products

mass of the product ___ the mass of the reacts

equals

matter is not created or destroyed but is conserved

law of conservation of mass

represent the number of units of each substance taking part in a reaction

coefficient

→

produces

+

plus

(s)

solid

(l)

liquid

(g)

gas

(aq)

aqueous

a substance dissolved in water

aqueous

heat →

reactants are heated

light →

reactants are exposed to light

electricity →

electric current is applied to reactants

balance Mg(s) + O₂(g) → MgO(s)

2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s)

a substance reacting with oxygen

combustion reaction

two or more substances combine to form another substance

synthesis reaction

one substance breaks down or decomposes into two or more substances

decomposition

one element replaces another element in a compound

single displacement

the positive ion of one compound replaces the positive ion of the other to form two new compounds

double displacement

what is Ba + S →

BaS

what is H2 + O2 →

2H₂O

release energy

exergonic

release heat

exothermic

keep energy

endergonic

keep heat

endothermic

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself

catalyst

substances that slow down a chemical reaction or prevent it from occurring by combining with a reactant

inhibitor

homogenous mixture that has the same composition, color, density, and even taste throughout

solution

the substance being dissolved

solute

substance doing the dissolving

solvent

the universal solvent

water

in salt water, salt is the ____ and water is the ____

solute and solvent

the larger amount of a substance

solvent

made by melting the metal solute and solvent together

alloy

brass are made of ___ and ___

copper and zinc

dissolving of a solid in a liquid happens where

the surface of a solid

water & sugar molecules

polar

negative water molecules attracted to positive sugar molecules

how sugar dissolves in water

true or false: solids move more freely than gas/liquid

false

speeds up dissolving because it brings more fresh solvent into contact with more solute (solid and liquid)

stirring