Horticulture Exam #2

Border

Strip planting on the margin of a landscape design ares

Hedge

Living green fence (tall or short), mostly planted in rows

Barrier Hedge

Defensive, used to direct traffic/prevent entry

Screen Hedge

Used to eliminate an undesirable view/add privacy

- Evergreen/dense foliage

- Tall enough

- Fast growing

EX. Edinburgh Botanical Gardens

Foundation Plant

Plants placed next to buildings

Accent Plant

Any plant that draws attention to a landscaped area because of its aesthetic features

Allée

Formal plants of trees that line a path/road with overlapping canopy

EX. Oak Alley in New Orleans

Espalier

A plant that is trained to grow in a flat plane against a wall, often in a symmetrical pattern

Topiary

The practice of training live plants to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes (Geometric or fanciful)

- Science + Art (living sculpture)

EX. Ladew Topiary Garden

Species used for a topiary

Boxwood, Holly, and Yew

- Small leaves

- Respond well to pruning

Fauxpiary

Creating plant forms/shapes from prefabricated structures (Filled w/ media and planted with fast growing plant)

Containers

Growing plants in mobile _____

Rain Gardens

Engineered garden to collect rainwater and get concentrated to penetrate soil (mitigate pollutants in water)

Green Roof

Roof covered in vegetation - helps combat heat-island effect

Desired plant features (every plant has at least one)

1. Flowers

2. Foliage

3. Fruit

4. Bark

5. Architecture

Aesthetics of plants

1. Size

2. Form

3. Habit

4. Growth rate

5. Longevity

Maintenance needs of plants

1. Pruning

2. Watering/Fertilizing

3. Pets/disease care

4. Leaf/fruit/bark

Invasive Plant

A plant species that has/is likely to develop self-sustaining populations and become dominate or disruptive and interfere with ecosystem function/biodiversity

Weedy Plant

A plant, native or non-native, that can typically propagate readily (sexually or asexually), has vigorous growth, and can thrive in most any growing condition (Soil, sun/shade, etc.)

* DONT NECESSARILY DISRUPT ECOLOGICAL ECOSYSTEMS*

6 Basic Plant Parts

1. Roots

2. Stems

3. Leaves

4. Flowers

5. Fruits

6. Seeds

Roots: Functions (3)

1. Absorption

2. Anchorage

3. Accommodation (storage)

Root systems (Perception vs reality)

Plants usually grow outwards

Root types

Primary and Secondary _____

Primary Root

1st root to emerge from germinating seed

Secondary Root

Any root that grows from a primary and/or another of itself

Root System Type: Fiberous

- Occupies large volume of shallow soil - thin, many branches

- Control erosion, relies on rain for water, captures minerals before they leach

Root System Type: Tap Root

- A large, swollen primary root w/ lots of storage potential

- All ______ are primary roots, but not all primary roots are ______

Most famous tap root of all

The carrot!

Root Hairs

Extension of outer root cells - Thousands of them

3 Functions of Root Hairs

1. Increase absorptive area >500x

2. Produced near (just behind) the root tip

3. Each is an exact copy of parent root

4 Types of Roots

1. Tuberous

2. Adventitious

3. Contractile

4. Aerial

Aerial Root

2 types of plants that don't grow in the ground

2 types of Aerial Roots

Epiphytes: Plants w/ aerial roots that live ON other plants to keep them upright (ex. Orchids, bromeliads, spanish moss)

Parasitic: Plants w/ aerial roots that live OFF of other plants like a parasite (ex. Mistletoe)

Tuberous Root

Large swollen secondary root

Adventitious Root

Roots that form on parts of the plant that do not normally form roots such as leaves + stem

- Prop Roots: Aids in plant stability (ex. corn, figs, tropical plants, mangroves) Like flying buttresses such as Notre Dame Cathedral

Contractile Root

Pull bulbs deeper into the ground

Stem Functions (5)

1. Storage

2. Transportation

3. Support

4. Bear flowers + fruit

5. Food

Stem Parts

Nodes, internodes, buds

Nodes on stems

Place on stem where buds/leaves are found

Internodes on stems

Space on stem btwn nodes

Buds on stems

Undeveloped shoot/flower

Bud / Leaf Arrangement

Alternate: One per node

Opposite: 2 per node

Whorled: 3 or more per node (Ex. Nerium Oleander)

Stem Types

Prostrate

- Stolen (stoleniferous)

- Rhizome

Prostrate Stem

Stems that grow horizontally across the ground

Stoleniferous Stem

Prostrate stem that runs ABOVE/ON the ground and produces a plantlet at the tip (ex. Strawberries, Spider Plants)

Rhizome Stem

Prostrate stem that runs horizontally BELOW the ground + produces a plantlet at the tip (ex. Bamboo, Bermuda Grass)

Irish Potato VS Sweet Potato

Irish: Modified STEM called a tuber - have nodes

Sweet: Modified ROOT called a tuberous root - do NOT have nodes

Leave uses

1. Food production

2. Storage

3. Ornament

4. Culinary

5. Medicinal

Leaf Parts (3)

Petiole: The stalk

Blade: The broad expanded part

Stipule: Small, leaflike appendage at the base

How to tell if something is a leaf?

Find the Bud!

2 types of leaves

Simple: Uninterrupted leaf blade

Compound: Interrupted/divided leaf blade

Specialized Structures: Stems + Leaves

Cladophylls and Spines

Cladophyll

Modified stem that resembles/functions as a leaf (ex. Danae Recemoria and Christmas Cactus)

Spines

Modified leaves

Leaf Structure: Epidermis

Regulates loss of gasses + water + protects internal constituents

Leaf Structure: Specialized Epidermal Cells

Guard cells (from stomate), regulate water loss, Carbon Dioxide

Leaf Structure: Cuticle

Waxy coating that seals cracks btwn epidermal, regulates gas / water loss

Leaf Structure: Stomata

Mostly on the bottom (lower surface) of the leaf

Leaf Structure: Trichomes

Hair on plants, protects from loss of moisture + predation

Leaf Structure: Palisade Layer

Under the epidermis, contains tightly packed chloroplasts (*SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS*)

Leaf Structure: Spongy Mesophyll

Btwn palisade + epidermis, loosely packed w/ space in between

How a plant breeder can determine who the "father" (source of pollen) is going to be in MONOECIOUS PLANTS

Emasculation: Removal of anthers

Flower Arrangements

Single/solitary: One flower borne per stem

Inflorescence: Many flowers grouped together on one stem

2 types of sexual reproduction in plants

Pollination (the act) + Fertilization (the result)

Pollination

Pollen lands on the stigma and is accepted

Fertilization

Male genetic information fuses w/ an egg in the ovary

Do stamen size and shape matter?

YES!

Pine Pollen

Has over 200 bioactive natural nutrients, minerals, and vitamins

6 aids in pollination

1. Winds

2. Insects

3. Birds

4. Mammals

5. Water

6. People

Why flowers change color after sex

Advertising with color: Different animals/insects "see" colors differently

Great bribes for pollination

Nectar, pollen, other rewards

3 types of pollinators

1. Birds

2. Bats

3. Human intervention

Self Compatible Plants

Plants that WILL accept their own pollen, but also foreign pollen

EX. Tomatoes, beans, corn

Self incompatible Plants

Plants that will NOT accept their own pollen (only "foreign pollen", same kind of plant but different type)

EX. Apples, pears, plums

Advantages of Self incompatible Plants

Minimize inbreeding, maximize genetic heterogeneity (diversity)

How do Self incompatible Plants impact horticulture?

The # and type of fruit trees you have to purchase if you want fresh fruit at home

Ways to overcome self incompatibility in plants

Plant pollinator rows

Grafting

Fruit

A mature flower ovary that houses the product of sexual reproduction

Fruit morphology

The make up of ovary tissue

Type of Fruit: Dry VS Fleshy

Ovary (outer) wall of the fruit is called;

Pericarp (often edible)

3 parts of pericarp

Exocarp: Outermost layer (skin)

Mesocarp: Middle layer (flesh)

Endocarp: Inside layer (around seeds)

What does the organization of the pericarp help us do?

Classify different types of fruit

Fleshy fruit Type 1: Simple Fruits

Develop from a single flower w/ one pistil + simple or compound ovary

Five examples of Fleshy fruit Type 1: Simple Fruits

1. Berry ( Blueberry, grape, tomato)

2. Pepo (Melon, squash, cucumber)

3. Hesperidium (Orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit)

4. Drupe (Cherry, almond, peach, coconut)

5. Pome (Apples, pears)

IN CLASS EXAMPLE OF A DRUPE

COCONUT - Sounds like helicopter when shaken

Fleshy fruit Type 2: Multiple Fruits

Fruit formed by several flowers being fused during ripening (ex. Pineapple)

Fleshy fruit Type 3: Aggregate Fruits

Fruit formed by several ovaries within on flower

DIFFERENCE BTWN A FRUIT AND A SEED

A fruit is a mature OVARY

A seed is a mature OVULE (within the ovary)

Dry fruit Type 1: Dehiscent (opens up)

Pericarp splits along seam when ripe to release seeds

Dry fruit Type 2: Indehiscent (doesn't open)

Pericarp does not split when ripe to release seeds

Seed

A mini plant surrounded by a protective covering called a seed coat (A plant embryo)

Seed viability

The ability of seeds to germinate and grow

Seed longevity

How long a seed remains viable

3 Seed longevity factors of influence

1. Plant species

2. Time

3. Storage conditions

Storage conditions of seeds

30-40% Relative Humidity

Around 40F (refrigerator!)

3 requirements for successful germination of seeds

1. Must be ripe + viable

2. Must NOT be dormant

3. Need warmth, media, moisture

2 types of dormancy in temperate seed plants

Physical (seed coat)

Physiological (biochemical)

How is physical dormancy broken (in nature + by humans)

In nature: Freezing, thawing, rain, natural weathering, birds + animals

By humans: Scarification

Scarification

Process where the seed coat is compromised so water can enter and stimulate germination

3 Main Types of Scarification

1) Mechanical

2) Hot Water Treatment

3) Sulfuric Acid Dunk