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Immigration (1880-1921)
Between 1880 and 1921, a record number of 23 million immigrants came to the United States in search of better opportunities. This wave of immigration was driven by factors such as economic hardship, political strife, and the allure of the American Dream, which promised jobs and a chance at a prosperous life.
Nativism
Nativism is a socio-political movement that arose in response to the growing immigrant population, characterized by a strong sense of nationalistic sentiment. Nativists harbored fears and hostilities toward immigrants, often viewing them as a threat to the cultural and racial homogeneity of the nation. This movement was fueled by differences in ethnicity, religion, and political beliefs.
Tenements
Tenements are overcrowded, low-rent apartment buildings notoriously found in impoverished urban areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Often poorly constructed and lacking adequate sanitation, these living conditions reflect the struggles faced by many immigrant families, who sought affordable housing amidst rapid urbanization and industrialization.
Scabs
Scabs are individuals hired by employers to replace striking workers, typically during labor disputes. Their role is controversial and often leads to intensifying tensions between labor unions and businesses, as scabs undermine the efforts of striking workers who are campaigning for better wages, working conditions, and employee rights.
Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was one of the first significant labor unions in America. It aimed to unite all workers, regardless of their race, gender, or skill level, to advocate for workers' rights and social reforms, such as the establishment of an eight-hour workday and the elimination of child labor. Their inclusive approach set them apart from other labor organizations of the time.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Established in 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a powerful federation of labor unions in the United States, primarily representing skilled workers. The AFL focused on practical economic issues, advocating for higher wages, shorter working hours, and improved working conditions through collective bargaining and strikes.
Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886)
The Chicago Haymarket Strike of 1886 was a pivotal labor protest that turned violent when a bomb was thrown into a crowd, killing several people, including police. This incident significantly shifted public opinion against labor unions, leading to increased scrutiny and repression of union activities in the aftermath.
Homestead Strike (1892)
The Homestead Strike was a violent labor strike at Carnegie Steel's Homestead plant in Pennsylvania, triggered by wage cuts. The conflict erupted into fierce battles between strikers and private security forces, leading to federal intervention and highlighting the deep-seated conflicts between labor and management during the industrial age.
Massive Urbanization
Massive urbanization refers to the rapid and significant growth of cities during the late 19th century, largely driven by rural Americans relocating to urban areas in search of better job prospects and an influx of immigrants from Europe and elsewhere. This transformation drastically altered American society, leading to societal challenges and changes in demographics, economy, and culture.
Ethnic Neighborhoods (Enclaves)
Ethnic neighborhoods, often referred to as enclaves, are communities created by immigrants that allow them to maintain their cultural identities while adapting to a new environment. Found prominently in cities like New York, Chicago, and Boston, these neighborhoods provide social support systems, preserve cultural practices, and often house businesses catering to the needs of the immigrant population.
Pullman Palace Company
The Pullman Palace Company was a prominent railroad company known for its luxury sleeping cars. It became a focal point of labor unrest in 1894 when management cut wages by 50% without reducing rents charged to workers living in the company-owned town, leading to the Pullman Strike and nationwide protests that highlighted the struggles between labor rights and corporate power.
Technological Innovations
Technological innovations of the late 19th century, such as electric power, machinery, and communication advances (like the telegraph), played a critical role in driving economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. These advancements transformed industries, increased productivity, and modernized the way goods were produced and consumed.
Rudyard Kipling's Observation of Chicago
Rudyard Kipling's observation of Chicago depicted the city as a frenetic, overcrowded urban center marked by a breakneck pace of industrialization. He noted the lack of aesthetic beauty and environmental concern, criticizing the city's singular focus on financial gain and technological progress at the expense of quality of life.
Railroad Development
Railroad development post-Civil War was a significant factor in America’s economic expansion, as it facilitated the movement of goods and people across vast distances. The establishment of a national rail system promoted trade, led to urban growth, and spurred the development of new corporate management practices that reshaped American business.
Cultural Resistance in the New South
Despite industrial growth in the New South, cultural resistance persisted, exemplified by ongoing segregation and racial discrimination in the workforce. This resistance challenged the notion of a completely transformed 'New South' and exposed the social divides and conflicts that continued to manifest within the economy and society.
