403 - Introduction

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27 Terms

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crime

an intentional act in violation of the criminal law committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanour

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crime is largely a _____ ______

social construct

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criminal behaviour (Ullman & Krasner)

antisocial acts that place the actor at risk of becoming a focus of the attention of criminal and juvenile justice professionals

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4 approaches to crime

  1. legal

  2. moral

  3. social

  4. psychological

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legal approach

crime is an act prohibited by law, and punishable by law

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moral approach

a religious principle is violated. Punishment may be exacted by a supernatural being, or it’s Earthly representatives (ex., religious police)

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social approach

community norms and customs are violated, the community applies the punishment

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psychological appraoch

crime is an act that is agreeable to the actor, but painful to the victim. It is punished by individuals

  • issues with this, as crime may not always be agreeable (ex. Sask dad assisting in suicide of daughter)

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official statistics

jurisdictions records of aggregate crime rates

  • most credible source

  • underestimate

  • tell little about individual offenders

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victim reports

complaints made to police, but without formal charges being laid, or without conviction where charges are laid

  • higher crime estimates

  • may be false

  • correlate well

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surveys

ask target group of individuals about their offending history, usually with assurances of anonymity

  • allow systematic data like age, gender, SES

  • can under or overreport

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longitudinal studies

examine the group or cohort of individuals at several developmentally relevant points in their lives

  • allows for more precise identification

    • of risk factors and age onset

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youngest criminal age

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criminogenic factors

factors in offender’s life related to recidivism

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risk factor

increases the probability of an adverse outcome

  • can be specific or general

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protective factor

when exposed to it, less likely to develop adverse outcomes

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dark figure

unreported crime, don’t know the victims or the crimes

  • aware of this via drug paraphernalia, vandalism, gang tagging, etc.

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most (lay) people like ____ one-dimensional explanations.( ex., lock em up and throw away the key)

simple

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explanations of why poeple commit crime offered by experts are highly _____

complex

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integrative therapy

thoughtful combination of proven techniques with evidence based proof

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three views of humans about criminality

  1. conformity

  2. non-conformity

  3. social learning / neutrality

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conformity

people are inherently good by nature, but can stray for a variety of reasons

  • inability for some individuals to achieve these things sets up a discrepancy (or strain) between expectation and reality

    • ex., Merton’s strain theory

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Merton’s strain theory

agreement between people on what is worth doing and having, but some are more capable of getting these things than others

  • example of conformity

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non-conformity

we’re born as hedonistic, undisciplined barbarians. Only rules and regulations separate us from antisocial behaviour

  • ex., HIrschi’s social control theory

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hirschi’s social control theory

crime occurs when the individual refuses to be bound by those rules

  • ex., of non-conformity

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social learning / neutrality

we’re neither good nor bad by nature, we do what we have learned

  • those around you are key

  • ex., Watson’s social learning theory, sutherland’s differential association theory

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psychological criminology

concerned with the behavioural and mental processes of those that commit crime