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What was the Gilded Age?
A period from 1870 to 1890 marked by economic growth, political corruption, and social inequity.
Who originated the idea for the Statue of Liberty?
Édouard de Laboulaye, a French educator.
What famous phrase describes the Statue of Liberty’s role for immigrants?
The statue offered welcome to the 'huddled masses yearning to breathe free'.
What major labor event occurred in 1886?
The Haymarket affair, a violence-laden labor protest.
Which Supreme Court case held that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal'?
Brown v. Board of Education.
What is Social Darwinism?
The application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to justify social inequality.
What innovation did railroads bring to the economy during the Gilded Age?
The establishment of a national market and standardized time zones.
What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?
A federal agency created in 1887 to regulate railroad rates and practices.
What was the significance of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
It was the first federal law to restrict monopolistic trusts and business combinations.
How did the Civil Service Act of 1883 change government employment?
It established a merit system for federal employees, requiring competitive examinations.
What was the main goal of the Knights of Labor?
To organize all workers, including unskilled and skilled, across different industries.
What did Jacob Riis expose in 'How the Other Half Lives'?
The shocking living conditions of the urban poor.
What event marked the end of the Indian Wars?
The Wounded Knee massacre.
What were bonanza farms?
Large farms in the West that covered thousands of acres and employed many wage laborers.
What economic change occurred from 1870 to 1920 concerning employment?
The majority of the workforce transitioned from agriculture to industrial jobs.
What did the Dawes Act aim to accomplish?
To break up tribal lands into small parcels for individual Indian families.
Who were the 'robber barons'?
Wealthy industrial leaders accused of using unethical business practices.
What major social critique did Henry George present in 'Progress and Poverty'?
The problem of land monopolization and wealth inequality.
What did the Haymarket affair demonstrate about labor relations?
The tensions between labor organizations and the public's perception of them.
What is the 'liberty of contract' concept?
A judicial principle that upheld the right of individuals to freely negotiate contracts.
What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
A nationwide labor protest against wage cuts and poor working conditions.
What did Edward Bellamy promote in 'Looking Backward'?
A vision of a future cooperative society free from class conflict.
What phenomenon did U.S. Steel represent?
The trend of economic consolidation and the rise of large corporations.
What did the term 'gilded' suggest about the Gilded Age?
That the glittering surface masked underlying social issues.
How did the economy shift by 1913 in relation to industrial output?
The U.S. produced one-third of the world's industrial output.
What was the role of urban political machines during the Gilded Age?
To manage electoral processes and provide support services to the poor in exchange for votes.
What was the purpose of the Crédit Mobilier scandal?
To defraud the federal government through inflated railroad construction contracts.
What trends in immigration occurred during the Gilded Age?
Mass immigration from Europe, with millions of newcomers, significantly altering demographics.
How did the federal government support industrialization?
By enacting protective tariffs and granting land to railroad companies.
What was the primary concern of liberal reformers during the Gilded Age?
To limit democracy and address the perceived threats to property rights by the lower classes.
What significant labor legislation emerged during the Gilded Age?
The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Act.
What did President Grant's administration face during the Gilded Age?
Significant political corruption and scandals, including Crédit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring.
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