Ap Human Geography Unit 5 - Chapters 11-14

coffee reliant

Agriculture

The process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.

Climate

The long-term weather patterns in a region

Subsistence Agriculture

The primary goal of \___________ \___________ is to grow enough food to raise livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her immediate family

Commercial Agriculture

The primary goal of the \__________ farmer is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit

Intensive Agriculture

\__________ \___________ practices are those in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines , to maximize yields

Extensive Agriculture

\_________ \____________ practices use fewer amounts of labor and typically result in less yields

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

heavy investments in labor and capital are used in this type of agriculture which often results in high yields and profits

Capital

is the money invested in land, equipment, and machines.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

This form of agriculture is often labor and animal intensive.

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

this type of farming uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the product for profit

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity

Pastoral Nomadism

This type of subsistence agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates throughout the world

Shifting Cultivation

In this type of subsistent extensive farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. When the soil loses fertility, they move to another field.

Plantation

A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

\________ is an intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals.

Grain Farming

in regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers often raise wheat

Commercial Gardening

Typical fruits and vegetables grown in the United States include lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes.

Market Gardening

when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, and restaurants

Dairy Farming

Traditionally, dairies were local farms that supplied products to customers in a small geographic area.

Milk Shed

The geographic distance that milk is delivered.

Mediterranean Agriculture

\___ is practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation.

Transhumance

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

Livestock Ranching

\____ is the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

Clustered Settlements

these settlements have groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared services, such as schools ;also called nucleated settlements

Dispersed Settlements

Patterns in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside

Linear Settlements

Humans live and buildings are built in lines along a road, railroad, or river

Metes and Bounds

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.

Publican Land Survey System (Township and Range)

created rectangular plots of consistent size

Townships

areas six miles long and six miles wide

Section

A square mile

French Long-Lot System

farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

was the origin of farming. It was marked by the domestication of plants and animals.

Animal Domestication

Hunters in central Asia were probably the first people to domesticate animals.

Plant Domestication

Growing crops probably began after domestication of animals. People first used vegetative planting, or using parts of the stems or roots of existing plants to grow others

Fertile Cresent

The area extends from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean sea and continues in an arc along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian gulf.

Independent Innovation

crops and animals were domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among the people

Columbian Exchange

Was the global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

Second Agricultural Revolution

began in 1700s, used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth

Enclosure Acts

were a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

Crop Rotation

is the technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil

Irrigation

Is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other human-made devices, rather than relying on just rainfall

Third Agricultural Revolution

was born out of science, research, and technology, and it continues today.

Green Revolution

The advances in plant biology of mid-20th century are known as the \_____ \__________.

Hybridization

the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOS)

a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

Agribusiness

farms run as corporations, and globalization of agriculture

Aquaculture

raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water

Aquaculture (aquafarming)

A type of intensive farming. Rather than raising typical farm animals in close quarters with a controlled environment, fish, shellfish, or water plants are raised in netted areas in the sea, tanks, or other bodies of water.

Bid-price curve

used to indicate the starting position for each land use relative to the market; reflects the farmers' willingness to pay for land at various distances.

Bid-rent theory

the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is.

Blue Revolution

New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.

Capital intensive

using more capital than labor in the production process

Carrying capacity

the number of people that farmers can support given the available resources

Center-pivot irrigation

watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizer, or pesticides to the field

Commodity chain

a process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers

Community gardens

people use them to share agricultural products with family, friends, and perhaps those in need rather than as a business; these garden plots allow people to grow and harvest their own fresh food, grown organically, if they wish

Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

brings producers and consumers into a type of partnership

Comparative advantage

naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops differently from those predicted by von Thünen's model

Cool chains

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

Crop gap

Lack of gender equality has resulted in women producing 20-30 percent less in farms. The worst food insecurities are found in LDCs, the area where gender-specific obstacles are the most prevalent.

Deforestation

the removal of large tracts of forest

Desertification

Alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas causes fertile land to become infertile.

Double cropping

Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year on the same piece of land.

Economies of scale

an increase in efficiency to lower the per-unit production cost, resulting in greater profits

Factory farming

a capital-intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, and bred and fed in a controlled environment

Fair trade movement

an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices

feedlots

confined space used for the controlled feeding of animals

Food desert

a neighborhood where residents have little to no access to healthy and affordable food

Food distribution system

a network of trade and transportation that gets food from farms to consumers

Food insecurity

when households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources

Food processing

the transformation of agricultural products into food or taking food items and transforming them into a different type of food

Free-market economy

where supply and demand, not government policy, determine the outcome of competition for land.

Gender inequality

the unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender

Gender-specific obstacles

discriminatory practices that prevent female farmers from reaching their potential productivity

GMO's

plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through a combination of DNA from a similar plant or animal species for desired traits

Horticulture

a type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairy farming

Hydroponics

allows crops to grow without soil using mineral-enriched solutions

Infrastructure

roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electric grids, sewers, telecommunications, etc. of a country.

Intercropping (multicropping)

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

Irrigation

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Isotropic plain

flat and featureless with similar fertility and climate throughout

Labor intensive

using more labor than capital in the production process

Land cover change

It is the study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use. Geographers are particularly interested in loss of natural land areas to agriculture and the loss of agricultural land to the expansion of urban areas.

Local-food movement

seeking out food produced nearby

Location theory

A key component of economic geography deals with why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activity - factories, stores, restaurants, or agriculture

Luxury crops

not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin

Monoculture

only one crop is grown, or one animal is raised per season on a piece of land

Neocolonialism

the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

Organic foods

foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers

Over graze

occurs when the density of animals is greater than even expansive grasslands can support, resulting in damage to the grasslands in search for food

Quota

A limit placed on the quantities of a product that can be imported

Salinization

occurs when salts from water used by plants remain in the soil

Slash-and-burn agriculture

takes place when all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place

Subsidies

public financial support

Supply chain

all the steps required to get a product or service to consumers

Tariff

tax on imports

Terrace farming

farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill

Transnational corporations

a corporation that operates in many countries

Urban farming

refers to the production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food

Value-added crops

those for which consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities or because they are difficult to acquire