Helping

TRUE

T or F: Altruism is selfishness in reverse.

TRUE

T or F: An altruistic person is concerned and helpful even when no benefits are offered or expected in return.

TRUE; Good Samaritan Parable

T or F: Jesus’ Good Samaritan provides a classic illustration of altruism.

Altruism

A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.

TRUE

T or F: Social exchange theory does not contend that we consciously monitor costs and rewards.

TRUE

T or F: Social exchange theory proposes that cost and reward considerations predict behavior.

Social Exchange Theory

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs.

TRUE; Example of External Rewards

T or F: When businesses donate money to improve their corporate image, the reward is external.

TRUE; External Rewards (Personal Helping)

T or F: Offering a ride in hopes of appreciation or friendship reflects external rewards.

TRUE

T or F: We give to get.

TRUE

T or F: People are more eager to help someone attractive or someone whose approval they desire.

TRUE

T or F: Rewards may also be internal.

good

Nearly all blood donors report that giving blood makes them feel ___ about themselves.

self-satisfaction

Blood donation gives people a feeling of ___.

social values

Youth engaged in community service develop social skills and positive ___.

TRUE

T or F: Youth who engage in service are less at risk for delinquency, pregnancy, and school dropout.

engaged citizens

Youth who engage in service are more likely to become ___.

brain

Making donations activates ___ areas linked with reward.

TRUE

T or F: Generous people are happier than those whose spending is self-focused.

TRUE

T or F: People feel happier after spending money on others rather than themselves.

TRUE

T or F: Givers are less prone to depression than nongivers.

Prosocial Bonuses

___ produce happier, more satisfied employees and higher-performing teams.

TRUE

T or F: Purchasing a goody bag for a sick child improves mood.

TRUE

T or F: Egoism has fallen into disrepute.

Egoism

A self-serving motive to increase one's own welfare.

TRUE

T or F: Egoism is the opposite of altruism.

another's welfare

Altruism aims to increase ___.

TRUE

T or F: Helping can relieve distress and guilt.

TRUE

T or F: People who feel guilty are more likely to help.

TRUE; FEEL-BAD–DO-GOOD EFFECT

T or F: People who feel guilty will often act to reduce their guilt.

positive

Helping can also produce ___ feelings.

TRUE; FEEL-GOOD–DO-GOOD EFFECT

T or F: People who feel happy are more likely to help.

good mood

Happy people help in order to maintain their ___.

FALSE; Guilt can increase helping.

T or F: People in a bad mood never help others.

Social Norms

___ prescribe proper behavior.

Reciprocity Norm

An expectation that people will help those who have helped them.

TRUE

T or F: The reciprocity norm increases helping.

Example of Reciprocity

Small favors can produce large return favors.

Social Responsibility Norm

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them.

TRUE

T or F: The social responsibility norm applies especially to children, the elderly, and the disabled.

Evolutionary Psychology

Some helping behaviors evolved because they enhanced survival.

Kin Selection

The idea that individuals are predisposed to help relatives.

genetically

We are more likely to help those ___ similar to us.

Reciprocal Altruism

Helping others with the expectation that they will help in return.

survival chances

Reciprocal altruism increases ___.

Social Capital

The mutual support and cooperation gained from social connections.

TRUE

T or F: Communities with high social capital have higher levels of helping.

Empathy

An emotional response focused on another person’s welfare.

TRUE

T or F: Empathy increases altruistic helping.

Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

The claim that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation to help.

TRUE

T or F: Empathy is different from personal distress.

Personal Distres

A self-focused emotional reaction to another’s suffering.

TRUE

T or F: When escape from a situation is easy, people high in empathy still help.

helping decreases

When empathy is low and escape is easy, ___.

increases empathy

Taking another person’s perspective ___.

similar

We feel more empathy for people ___ to ourselves.

TRUE

T or F: Attractive people receive more help.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present.

TRUE

T or F: The greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one person is to help.

Diffusion of Responsibility

The belief that others will or should take action.

TRUE

T or F: Responsibility for helping is shared among all bystanders.

Pluralistic Ignorance

The belief that others perceive a situation differently than you do.

TRUE

T or F: Ambiguous situations reduce helping.

TRUE

T or F: People are less likely to help if they are unsure an emergency exists.

Darley and Latané

___ proposed a decision-making model of helping.

Step 1: Notice

A person must first notice that something is happening.

Step 2: Interpret

A person must interpret the situation as an emergency.

Step 3: Responsibility

A person must assume responsibility for helping.

Step 4: Know How

A person must know how to help.

Step 5: Implement

A person must decide to implement help.

TRUE

T or F: Failure at any step prevents helping.

TRUE

T or F: People in a hurry are less likely to help.

TRUE

T or F: Seminary students were less likely to help when they were late.

attention

Being in a hurry reduces ___ to others.

TRUE

T or F: We are more likely to help people who are similar to us.

deserving

People are more likely to help those they perceive as ___.

TRUE

T or F: Attractive victims receive more help.

TRUE

T or F: Victims blamed for their plight receive less help.

differ

Men and women ___ in the type of help they provide.

dangerous situations

Men are more likely to help women in ___.

nurturing help

Women are more likely to provide ___.

rural areas

People in ___ are more likely to help than those in large cities.

TRUE

T or F: High population density reduces helping.

costs

Helping decreases as the ___ of helping increase.

rewards

Helping increases when ___ are high.

FALSE; Happiness does not guarantee helping.

T or F: Extremely happy people always help.

situational

Helping is influenced by personal, social, and ___ factors.

Internal Rewards

• Guilt

• Exceptions to the feel-bad/do-good scenario

• Feel good, do good

External

Person in need of help - uncontrollable by person - sympathy - helping

Internal

Person in need of help - controllable by person - no sympathy - no helping

Moral Exclusion

The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness.

Moral Inclusion

It is regarding others as within one’s circle of moral concern.

Modeling Alturism

• Real-life Modeling

• Media Modeling

Overjustification Effect

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.