Napoleon and the Age of Revolutions

Flashcards covering key concepts related to Napoleon, the revolutions, and subsequent events in history.

Grand Armée

Napoleon’s army that invaded Russia, primarily composed of soldiers from various Western European nations.

Scorched Earth policy

A military strategy used by Tsar Alexander I to prevent the enemy from obtaining supplies by destroying resources.

Louis XVIII

The Bourbon king restored to the throne after Napoleon's fall, brother of executed Louis XVI.

Feudalism

A social system that was ended in Western Europe by Napoleon's reforms.

Haitian Revolution

A successful slave revolt that established Haiti as the second independent republic in the Western Hemisphere.

Father of the Mexican Revolution

Refers to Father Hidalgo, who led the movement for Mexico's independence.

Gran Colombia

A confederation of South American states formed by Simon Bolivar, which ultimately failed to unite.

Creoles

Latin American people of European descent who overthrew the peninsulares but resisted sharing power with lower classes.

Liberalism

A political philosophy that, during the 19th century, generally opposed universal suffrage and supported limited political participation.

Metternich

The architect of the Congress of Vienna, responsible for creating a diplomatic order in Europe.

Abolition

The act of ending slavery; did not bring significant social and economic benefits for former slaves.

Congress of Vienna

A conference that dismantled the Napoleonic Empire and established a balance of power in Europe.

Charles X

The king of France who was overthrown during a series of revolutions.

Italian Unification

The unification of Italy, significantly advanced by leaders like Count Camillo di Cavour.

German Unification

The process of unifying Germany, primarily led by Otto von Bismarck through strategic wars.

Franco-Prussian War

The conflict that led to the defeat of France and the proclamation of Wilhelm I as emperor of the Second Reich.