DATA (Institutions)

april 1951

Treaty of Paris —> European Coal and Steel Community

1957

two Treaties of Rome —> European Economic Community (EEC) + European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)

1973

UK, Denmark, Ireland joined European Community

1980

Greece, Portugal, Spain —> EC

2004-2007

12 Eastern EU countries, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States —> EC

2013

Croatia —> EU

1987

Single European Act (=elimination of barrier to the movement of people, money, goods and services)

1993

Maastricht Treaty on EU= single currency

1998 and 2003

Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice (= prepared EU for Eastern European members

2002-2004

attempt to create European Constitution—> turned down in 2005

2007

Treaty of Lisbon= more coherence to Union’s policies

1648

Peace of Westphalia: (end to two European wars —> territorial adjustments), gave new idea to borders and sovereignity

1993

Cologne European Council= The Kosovo conflict showed the EU's dependence on the U.S. and NATO for military action. This prompted EU states to push for more strategic autonomy

2003

EU Security Strategy= Aimed to define common threats, strategic objectives, and policy implications for a united EU foreign and security policy.

2016

EU Global Strategy = It aimed to strengthen the EU’s global role, promote stability, and enhance strategic autonomy

2022

Strategic Compass = A policy document that sets a clear roadmap for strengthening the EU’s security and defence over the next 5–10 years. It aims to make the EU a more capable, responsive, and strategically autonomous actor in defence and crisis management

1995

EUROCORPS= France and Germany establish a joint military force; expanded to other countries.

1954

WEU (Western European Union)= Created as a defence alliance separate from NATO. Later faded in importance

1992

Petersberg Declaration

WEU tasks defined: humanitarian aid, peacekeeping, crisis management. These were later transferred to the EU.

1997

Amsterdam Treaty

EU incorporates Petersberg tasks; WEU formally linked to the EU.

1998

St. Malo Declaration (UK–France)

EU must be able to act militarily without U.S./NATO when needed.

1999

European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)

Formal launch of the EU's defence arm under the CFSP.

2003

European Security Strategy

EU declares itself a "global player"; identifies key threats like terrorism.

2004

EU Battle Groups agreed

Small, rapid-reaction forces ready for crisis missions.

2009

Lisbon Treaty

Renames ESDP → CSDP; introduces enhanced cooperation like PESCO.

2016

European Global Strategy (EGS)

Realistic new strategy by Mogherini; focuses on autonomy, resilience, and global engagement.

2017

MPCC created

First EU military HQ for training missions.

PESCO launched

25 EU countries deepen defence cooperation via shared projects.