H. US history semester 1 finals

Iroquois Confederacy

A union of 5 tribes, allowed women to be in power, Cayuga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga - don’t need to remember individual tribes

Prince Henry of Portugal

Initiates the age of discovery (Dispute with Spain)

Columbus

Could sail and navigate, came to america in 1492 with the help of King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of spain funding him

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

From Spain, allowed Columbus to go after second ask, Catholics

Ponce de Leon

First to set foot in the U.S in florida near St. Augustine

Pedro Menendez

Founded a city St Augustine. Lead a massacre in Jacksonville

St Augustine

Established in 1565 oldest permanent settlement

Santa Fe

Established in 1610 second oldest permanent settlement

Histography

How we interpret historical events

John Wycliff

Translated Bible from Latin to English. Called “Morning Star” because he influenced Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

Pilgrims and Puritans focused on their belief in God & Church. (Everyone should have access to a Bible)

Henry VII

Started protestant church after denied a divorce (Had a female child)

Spanish Armada

King Philip gets mad over piracy of ships by England. Goes to war and looses. (Protestant wind & English ships)

Jamestown

Jamestown settled in 1607 by Virginia Company

John Smith

John Smith helped the Jamestown settlement survive and enforced the policy. “He who shall not work; shall not eat” (Got directly from quiz)

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, saved John Smith (Part of tribal ritual) Married John Rolfe

Separatists/ Pilgrims and Plymouth colony

Pilgrims formed Plymouth colony; separated from the catholic church became called separatists

Mayflower and Mayflower compact

Sailed on the mayflower in 1620; An agreement signed in 1620 to establish a new colony

Puritans and Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans (People who thought the church had to be purified) arrived in groups.

They founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

John Winthrop and “City on a Hill”

Most famous leader of the Massachusetts bay colony. Preached “City on a hill”, said they need to get closer to God

City on a hill - Meaning that the Massachusetts Bay Colony should serve as an example for the world to look up to.

Roger Williams

An ordained minister of the Anglican Church (Church of England); Preached “new and dangerous ideas”

Dangerous Ideas:

-The government has no law over first 4 commandments

-King doesn’t have right to give land

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts for challenging Puritan leaders (Supported religious freedom)

*Lived in Rhode Island family got killed by Native Americans

Thomas Hooker

Founded Connecticut; helped write the Fundamental Orders (Early Constitution), Puritan Preacher

Fundamental Orders

first written constitution in America 1639 (Set up representative government in Connecticut)

King Philip’s War

1Native Leader Metacom aka King Philip vs colonists; very deadly war in New England colonies

*Ugly war between English and the Natives in Massachusetts and Connecticut

Henry Hudson

An Dutch sea explorer who discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay

*Discovered what would be New York City

New Amsterdam

A Dutch colony at mouth of Hudson River; later taken by English and renamed New York in 1644

*Settlement that becomes later New York

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania Quaker, believed in equality, religious tolerance, and good relations with Natives.

*Founded Pennsylvania and was a Quaker

Triangular Trade

Trade system between Americas, Europe, Africa

America- Sugar, Rice Indigo, Molasses

Europe- Manufactured Goods (Guns Metals, Textiles)

West Africa - (Enslaved People)

Middle Passage

Brutal voyage enslaved Africans endured across Atlantic to the americas

John Punch

African servant in Virginia; first recorded to be sentenced to slavery for life. (1640)

What happened in 1491

Time Columbus came

How many native people in todays US

2-10 million

Where did columbus grow up

Genoa, Italy

What were Columbus skills

Sailing and Navigation

What King and queen agreed to give him financial aid in his journey

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

How many ships did Columbus leave with

3 ships with a crew of 90

Why did Columbus call the Natives Indians

Because he thought he was in India

How many people lived in the villages, Tainos

100-300

On Columbus second voyage how many ships and people did he bring

17 ships and 1500 men

Did Columbus succeed in his voyages and how many did he make

No, he did not prosper and he made 4 voyages in total

Did Columbus ever go into America

No

Was the holiday of Columbus celebrated around the USA

No, states like Colorado, Hawaii, Alaska, Minnesota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Vermont, and Maine have replaced it with Indigenous Peoples Day.

What did Lincoln view as the purpose of the war in 1861

To preserve the union and the states

How did Lincoln change the purpose of the war after the battle of Antietam in 1862

Issued the emancipation proclamation

Where did the war begin

Fort Sumter, South Carolina

What was the result of the battle of bull run

Confederate victory and everyone realized this war would take a while

What general earned a famous nickname at Bull Run

Stone wall Jackson

Who was Lincolns new general? What was his strength and what was his weakness

McClellan, his strength was able to organize and train his soldiers but he was too cautious on the battlefield and wouldn’t advance

What was the Peninsula Campaign and what was the outcome

To take Richmond, McClellan keeps losing and gets fired

What did Robert E. Lee hope to accomplish by invading Union Territory (Maryland)

Wanted to shift the war North, gain crucial supplies, relieve Virginia, pressure the Union politically for peace, and gain European recognition

What was the outcome of the battle of Antietam

Union Victory and chance to share Emancipation Proclamation

Why did Lincoln fire McClellan a second time after Antietam

McClellan gave up a great opportunity to chase Lee’s army but he didn’t

What did Lincoln do that changed the war after the battle of Antietam

He made the war about the abolition of slavery so France and England won’t support the Confederates

What Union General had amazing sideburns and what battle was a disaster for him

Ambrose E. Burnside, and the battle was the battle of Fredericksburg

What battle proved that Union general Fighting Joe Hooker was not the smartest fighter

Battle of Chancellorsville, even with higher numbers than Lee, Joe still got outmaneuvered

Where did Robert E. Lee invade Union territory a second time in the summer of 1863? Where did the battle take place

The battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvannia

What happened on Day 1 of the battle

Union and Confederates met on accident on a hill

What happened on Day 2 and who was the hero for the Union army? Why was he considered a hero

Joshua Chamberlain, when his troops ran out of ammo, they attached bayonets and ran down the hill towards the Confederates, pushing the Confederates back and making them retreat

What happened on Day 3 of the battle

The Confederates couldn’t push the Union up hill so Lee decided to go and march in an open field between the two hills, big big loss for the Confederates.

U.S Grant

Commanding General that lead the Union army to victory

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General that promoted total war

Sherman’s March to the Sea

From Atlanta to the east coast, he burned anything important, destroyed anything important, and made a mess everywhere he went

Total War

“Destroy everything and anything of value”

Second Inaugural Adress

4 score and 7 years ago…

13 amendment

abolished slavery

Surrender at Appomattox

Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox ending the civil war

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinates Honest Abe

Civil War and the Expansion of Government

Gave the government more power during the war and forced more people to pay more taxes

1865 U.S. and Hamilton

Secures rights for slaves

The Myth of the Lost Cause

1. Civil war was about states rights

2. Gallantry of soldiers

3. Slaves weren’t treated as bad as they say

What was the Missouri Compromise

If Missouri wants to join the states as a slave state then Maine would have to come in as a free state

Mexican American War

War between Mexico and America because Mexico didn’t see Texas as a legitimate state and Texas annexation was seen as an insult to Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War - did not pass

Second Middle Passage

Internal migration of the enslaved from upper south to lower south

“Sold down the river”

Selling slaves from the North South down to the deep South through the Mississippi and Ohio rivers

Harriet Tubman

The most famous “conductor” in the underground railroad

Free Soil Party

Political party that opposed the expansion of slavery in western territories.

California Gold Rush

So much gold in California that people started coming from everywhere to California

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a state, land belonging to Mexico broken up to Utah and New Mexico, popular sovereignty passed, and the fugitive slave act.

Fugitive Slave Law

You were required as a citizen of a free state to assist in the capture and return of escaped enslaved people

Popular Sovereignty

The state could vote if they wanted to be a free or slave state

Bleeding Kansas

A “civil war” within Kansas on the basis of popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott Decision

African Americans, slave or free, were not citizens and had no rights in federal courts

Lincoln and education

Only one year of schooling even though he had one of the greatest speeches written by a politician

Lincoln and loss

Lost his mom, sister, and 2 sons

Lincoln and “Honest Abe”

After his business failed, instead of packing up in the middle of the night and leave to some random state, he stayed and paid all his debts even if it took him years.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln became popular for his debated against douglas when running for senator, and thats what gave him the spotlight for president

Raid on Harpers Ferry

A famous battle where John Brown and his men raided Harpers Ferry but then most of his men were killed and John Brown was escorted out by army men

Election of 1860

Lincoln won

William Seward

Negotiated purchase of Alaska and preventing European intervention in the Civil War

Stephen Douglas

Known as the “little giant” and known as Lincolns political rival

Grace Bedell

Wrote a letter to Abraham Lincoln saying his face was too skinny and his ears were too big, and told him to grow a beard and thats what he did.

Secession of the states

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Virginia and Arkansas, followed by Tennessee and North Carolina

Angelina Grimke

moved form South Carolina, wrote an appeal (letter) to Christian women of the south trying to get them to not like slavery

Fredrick Douglass

ex slave, wrote biography. Newspaper= The North Star

William Loyd Garrison

newspaper, appealing to logic/Christian values to stop slavery. Newspaper= The Liberator

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote the play/book Uncle Tom's Cabin, appealed to emotion to stop slavery. Fundamental in the end of slavery and driving sympathy/others to the cause.

John Brown

thought violence was the best way to stop slavery

Immigrants to US

Germany and Ireland, from Ireland= Catholics,