Sport Management 3

Who is Horace Mann

an advocate for public education and believed in the value of physical education for moral and physical development

Who is Charles Beck

the first physical education teacher in the U.S., helped introduce formal PE programs

Who is Frederick Gunn

Founded the Gunnery School. was an early proponent of organized school athletics

John Dewey

Progressive educator who saw sports as a way to teach cooperation, democracy, and social development

What was the First Intercollegiate Game?

1852: Harvard vs. Yale Crew (rowing) race

What was the second intercollegiate game?

1859: Amherst vs. Williams - baseball

When and Who was the first intercollegiate coach

1864 - William Wood, Yale Crew

When was the first intercollegiate association formed

1876 - intercollegiate football association

What does the NFSH Govern

National coordinator for hs sports and activities
Creates rules, certifies officals, holds national conferences, advocates for school athletics

What is the NFHS Structure?

National council - Legislative body (1 rep per state association)
Board of Directors - 12 members overseeing budgets, committees, and executive director
Administrative Staff - handles daily operations

What does the State HS Associations govern

Organize state championships, determine athlete eligibility, and enforce rules within each state

What is compliance?

Ensures that athletic programs follow NCAA rules (recruiting, eligibility, scholarships, amateur status)

What is Title IX?

A law passed in 1972.
States that no one in the U.S should be excluded or denied benefits of any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance based on sex/gender.

What are the 3 ways to judge compliance in Title IX?

Participation (Men and women are to be provided equitable opportunities to participate in sports)
Scholarships (requires female and male student-athletes receive athletic scholarship proportional to their participation)
Other Benefits (equal treatment of female male with equipment and supplies, scheduling of games and practices, travel & allowance, tutoring access, coaching, locker rooms, etc)


OR: Proportionality: Participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to male/female enrollment.

• History and Practice: A continuing history of program expansion for the underrepresented sex.

• Interest and Abilities: Demonstrated that the institution fully and effectively accommodates the interests and abilities of both sexes.

What are the three ways to measure proportionality?

Roster management (cutting mens teams to match paticipation ratios)
Increasing women’s opportunities (new teams, funding, scholarships)
Mantaining ratios (60% of students are female, 60% of athletes are female)

What did the Knight Commission reports find?

1989: Found recruiting violations and lack of academic integrity; called for reform, transparency, and stronger educational focus in athletics.

What did the Carnegie reports find?

1929: Found corruption, professionalism, and commercialism in college sports; pushed for reform in NCAA oversight.

What is sport globalization?

The process of expanding sports, teams, and products beyond national borders.

Give examples of sport globalization

Sport Tourism: Traveling to play, view, or visit sport-related sites (Golf in Scotland, Boston Marathon).

Volunteer Travel: Visiting Halls of Fame or working at international events.

MLB’s “Pitch, Hit, and Run” program to develop interest abroad.

How do sports differ here in the US and internationally?

U.S. Uses a league system (closed structure). Teams are fixed members; no promotion or relegation.

Internationally Uses a club system (open structure). Teams can be promoted or relegated based on performance.

How is structure different in the US and internationally (club vs league)

League Systems have Fixed memberships, emphasis on revenue sharing and parity (e.g., NFL, NBA).

Club Systems Open membership, community-based, promotion/relegation determines status.

How is interscholastic and intercollegiate different

Interscholastic is Governed by NFHS and state associations. Focuses on youth and high school-level competition.

Intercollegiate is Governed by NCAA, NAIA, NJCAA, NCCAA. Focuses on college-level competition with scholarship and eligibility rules.

How does promotion and relegation differ in the us and internationally

It is used internationally, especially in soccer leagues (teams move up or down divisions based on performance).

Not used in the U.S. leagues maintain fixed franchises.

What does the IOC (international olympic committee) do

highest governing authority; one rep per nation
holds exclusive rights to the Olympic Games

What does the USOC (United States Olympic Committee) do

Oversees U.S. athletes; includes professional and amateur competitors

What are the Paralympics

Elite sporting events for athletes with physical disabilities
Often held immediately following the Olympic Games

When was the NCAA formed

Formed in 1905 as IAAUS, renamed NCAA in 1912

What is the NCAA

It’s divided into Divisions I, II, III based on scholarships, competition, and philosophy
One School, one vote structure

What is the NJCAA

Oversees junior colleges. Divisions I, II, III

What is the NAIA

Created for smaller colleges and universities

What is the NCCAA

A faith-based college/university with similar missions

What is the AIAW

Women’s collegiate sports before NCAA absorbed womens programs

What is globalization of sports

Selling sports or products internationally (e.g., NFL in London, MLB in Japan).

What is Nationalism

Pride and loyalty toward one’s country in sport (e.g., Ryder Cup).

What are Grassroots

Local efforts to build participation and interest in a region.

What was the Quinnipiac Case

Court ruled in favor of female athletes — competitive cheerleading did not qualify as a varsity sport under Title IX.

what was the Jerry Sandusky Case

An example of abuse of power and importance of safeguarding minors.

What did the Cincinnati Red Stockings do

First professional team to pay players.

Who is Pete Rozelle

an NFL Commissioner who unified the league and promoted TV revenue sharing.

Significance of Green Bay Packers

Only community-owned team in major U.S. professional sports.

When was the NAIA formed

1940

When was the NJCAA formed

1937

When was the AIAW formed

1971