Vaccine Schedules and Administration

Lyophilized Vaccines

Freeze-dried vaccines requiring a diluent before use

Diluent

A substance capable of dissolving a drug and holding it in a solution

Reconstituting vaccines

Mixing freeze-dried vaccine with diluent for use

Important factors of reconstituting vaccines

-required immediately prior to use

-check expiration date and match lot numbers

-mark vial with date of reconstitution

-administer promptly using a new sterile needle

How to maintain sterility with multi-use vials

-never remove rubber stopper

-wipe stopper before piercing each time

-use a new needle each time

-use ice pack to keep vaccines cool

When using multi-dose vials, it is extremely important to maintain _______________

sterility

How to maintain sterility in multi-dose vials

-never remove rubber stopper

-wipe stopper before piercing

-use a new sterile needle each time

Two things to mark multi-dose vaccines with:

1.) date opened/reconstituted

2.) initials of the user

Adverse events

Any undesirable side effect or unintended effect (including lack of desired result) associated with the administration of a licensed biological product

The AVMA strongly encourages veterinarians to report all adverse events to...

manufactures

Manufactures then report adverse events to...

Center for Veterinary Biologics (USDA APHIS)

Four examples of adverse effects

1.) abortion

2.) injection site reaction

3.) vaccine doesn't work

4.) anaphylaxis

What to include when documenting vaccine use

1.) location

2.) route of administration

3.) amount

4.) vaccine details --> serial number, lot number, expiration date

Equine vaccine guidelines are created by what organization?

AAEP

Where are vaccines most often given in the horse?

IM in the neck

Five core equine vaccines

1.) Rabies

2.) Tetanus

3.) Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)

4.) Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)

5.) West Nile virus

Vaccine schedule for rabies in horse

vaccinated annually

Vaccine schedule for tetanus in horse

-initially two doses 4-6 weeks apart

-annual thereafter

What special circumstances is tetanus given in horse?

any time horse is injured or undergoes surgery greater than 6 months after last vaccine

Vaccine schedule for Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)

-initially two doses 3-6 weeks apart

-annual revaccination thereafter

Annual vaccination for EEE and WEE must occur before what time of year?

vector season

Vaccine schedule for West Nile Virus (WNV)

-initially two doses 4-6 weeks apart

-then annually

Annual vaccination for WNV must occur before what time of year?

in the spring prior to mosquitos

What category of horses will require more frequent vaccinations of WNV?

those with limited immunity:

-juvenile horses <5 years

-geriatric horses >15 years

Which equine vaccines are killed?

EEE, WEE, and VEE

Transmission of EEE and WEE

mosquitos

The EEE and WEE vaccines are cross _________

protective; if they only have one of either EEE or WEE, they will have some protection for the other disease

When is rabies vaccine given in pregnant mares?

prior to breeding or 4-6 weeks prior to foaling

Currently, there is/are _______ rabies vaccine(s) safe for pregnant mares

one

When is tetanus vaccine given in pregnant mares if they have an unknown history?

-2 doses 4-6 weeks apart

-revaccinated 4-6 weeks before foaling

When is tetanus vaccine given in pregnant mares if they have a known history?

4-6 weeks before foaling

When is EEE/WEE vaccine given in pregnant mares if they were previously vaccinated?

4-6 weeks before foaling

When is EEE/WEE vaccine given in pregnant mares if they are unvaccinated?

-2 doses given 3-6 weeks apart

-4-6 weeks before foaling OR prior to next vector season (whichever comes first)

When is WNV vaccine given in pregnant mares if they were previously vaccinated?

4-6 weeks before foaling

When is WNV vaccine given in pregnant mares if they are unvaccinated?

a primary vaccine series is given immediately; studies suggest limited antibody response

Currently, there is/are _______ WNV vaccine(s) safe for pregnant mares

one

When is rabies vaccine given in foals if the mare was vaccinated?

2 dose series given 4-6 weeks apart between the age of 4-6 months

When is rabies vaccine given in foals if the mare was not vaccinated?

1 dose given between the age of 4-6 months

When is tetanus vaccine given in foals if the mare was vaccinated?

3 dose series given at the age of 4-6 months

-first and second doses given 4-6 weeks apart

-third dose given at 10-12 months

When is tetanus vaccine given in foals if the mare was not vaccinated?

3 dose series given at the age of 3-4 months

-first and second doses given 4-6 weeks apart

-third dose given at 10-12 months

When is EEE/WEE vaccine given in foals if the mare was vaccinated?

2 dose series given at age of 4-6 months

-first and second doses given 4-6 weeks apart

-third dose given at 10-12 months (before vector season!)

When is EEE/WEE vaccine given in foals if the mare was not vaccinated?

2 dose series given at age of 4-6 months

-first and second doses given 4-6 weeks apart

-third dose given at 10-12 months (before vector season!)

When a foal is given WNV vaccine depends on...

-what type of WNV they are being given

-time of year (is it around vector season or not?)

-vaccine status of mare

When is WNV vaccine given in foals if the mare was vaccinated?

3 dose series given at 4-6 months old

-first two doses given between 4-6 weeks

-third dose at 10-12 months

When is WNV vaccine given in foals if the mare was not vaccinated?

3 dose series

-four week interval between doses one and two

-eight week interval betwen doses two and three

*if series started during vector season, four week interval betwen doses two and three

What organization creates guidelines for vaccines for bovines?

American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP)

Five Bovine core vaccines

1.) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV)

2.) Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

3.) Parainfluenza Virus (PI3)

4.) Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)

5.) Clostridial Vaccines

Bovine vaccines can be broken down into three main categories:

1.) Bovine respirtaory disease vaccines

2.) Leptosporosis vaccines

3.) Clostridal vaccines

Bovine 10 way vaccine

vaccine that groups together bovine respiratory disease and leptosporosis vaccines into one common vaccine

Clostrial vaccines are aka...

blackleg vaccine

CDT vaccine

includes Clostridia perfringes C, Clostridia perfringes D, and tetanus; not a core vaccine but given under special circumstances such as to prevent tetanus in the event of retained placenta, or if operation does banding

Which vaccine that is a core vaccine in all other species is not a core vaccine in bovine species? When would it be given?

rabies vaccine; given if they are going to be transported or if in a high risk area

Where are vaccines most often given in cattle?

IM in the neck (using nuchal ligament, spine, and shoulder blade as guide)

Would a killed or modified live vaccine be better for pregnant cattle?

killed vaccine

Under what circumstances would a modified live vaccine be safe to give a pregnant cow?

if they were given a modified live vaccine when they were open

Vaccine protocol for pregnant cattle

-killed 10 way

-boost in 3-4 weeks

Vaccine protocol for open cattle

-modified live 10-way

-boost in 3-4 weeks

Vaccine protocol for all adult cattle

-modified live 10-way

-boost in 3-4 weeks

-multivalent Clostridial toxoid

-boost in 4-6 weeks

Vaccine protocol in the next year after initial doses

-modified live 10-way

-multivalent Clostridial toxoid

-all females vaccinated 3-4 weeks prior to breeding!

Pregnant cattle can be boostered in their ________ trimester of pregnancy

third (both modified live 10-way and multivalent Clostridial toxoid)

Vaccine protocol for baby calves

-First Defense E. Coli vaccine

-Inforce3 (intralnasal to prevent respiratory infections)

Vaccine protcol for older calves before weaning

-vaccinate with modified live 10-way and boost

- vaccinate with multivalent Clostridial toxoid and boost

Vaccine protcol for older calves before shipping

vaccinate before shipping if not protected already

Six core vaccines in canines

1.) rabies

2.) distemper

3.) adenovirus type 1

4.) parvovirus

5.) parainfluenza

6.) lepto

Vaccine schedule for rabies in dog

-first dose at 12-16 weeks

-then boostered at 1 year after initial dose

-then every three years after that

DHPP/DAPP canine vaccine

four way vaccine combining distemper, adenovirus type 1, parvovirus, and parainfluenza

DHPP/DAPP vaccine schedule

-start at 6-8 weeks, given every 2-4 weeks until 16-20 weeks

-boostered at 1 year

-then boostered every 3 years

Lepto vaccine schedule

-start at 10 weeks, two doses

-then boostered annually

Four lifestyle vaccines in canines

1.) bordetella

2.) influenza

3.) Lyme disease

4.) rattlesnake

What vaccine(s) are given in the right shoulder for canines?

DHPP/DAPP and lepto

What vaccine(s) are given in the right rear for canines?

rabies

Five core vaccines in felines

1.) rabies

2.) feline calcivirus

3.) feline herpesvirus-1

4.) feline panleukopenia

5.) Felv

Rabies vaccine schedule in felines

-First dose at 12-16 weeks

-Then boosted at 1 year after the initial dose

-Then every three years after that

FVRCP vaccine

Vaccine that combines feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia

FVRCP vaccine schedule

-start at 6-8 weeks, given every 2-4 weeks until 16-20 weeks

-boostered at 1 year

-then boostered every 3 years

The FeLV vaccine is a core vaccine for ________ but a non-core vaccine for _________

kittens; adults over 1 year old

Vaccine schedule for FeLV

-2 doses 2-4 weeks apart

-then annually

What vaccine(s) are given in the right front limb in cats?

FVRCP vaccine

What vaccine(s) are given in the right rear limb in cats?

rabies

What vaccine(s) are given in the left rear limb in cats?

FeLV

Two reasons why vaccines are given in specifc and different areas across species:

1.) so if a vaccine reaction occurs, we will know what vaccine caused the reaction

2.) to prevent overloading the immune system

True or false: there is currently insufficient research to show that adjuvanted vaccines cause vaccine associated sarcomas

true

Vaccine-associated Sarcomas (VAS) are now called...

feline injection site sarcomas (FISS)