Chapter 23

Franz Joseph Haydn Biography

1732-1809

- 1761: started serving for Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy

- Served for 30 years

- served at Esterhaza

- while at Esterhaza: performed 2 concerts and 2 operas weekly

"Esterhaza"

- remote country estate owned by Esterhazy

- has 2 theaters (opera and marionette) plus a chapel

- orchestra was between 16 and 22 players

3 Characteristics of All Haydn's Symphonies

- Rustic tone (folk like quality)

- His humor

- "monothematic"

Haydn's Rustic Tone...

made him not as sophisticated as Mozart

Composers struggle with Haydn because...

they try to make his music sound like Mozart when it doesn't

Haydn's Humor

He would do something out of character just to make people laugh

Haydn's "monothematic"

one theme throughout whole symphony

ONLY GUY THAT DOES THIS

Characteristics of Haydn's Early Symphonies

#3-32

used distinctive solos

many are in 3 movements (F-S-F)

Other symphonies at the time of Haydn's early symphonies follow....

"da chiesa" (S-F-S-F)

Haydn's Best Early Symphonies

No. 6, 7, 8

No. 6 "Le Matin" - morning

No. 7 "Le Midi" - noon

No. 8 "Le Soir" - night

Haydn's Experimental Symphonies

experimentation begun in 1760s

began experimental symphonies because of his physical isolation

Haydn's "Sturm und Drang" Symphonies

No. 35-39

- used minor keys

- double announcement of theme

- dramatic development sections

- sudden dynamic shift

Who did Haydn get the "Sturm und Drang" idea from?

C.P.E Bach in Germany

No. 45 in F-Sharp minor "Farewell:"

Haydn

- players missed their families and wanted to go home so Haydn made a plea to Nicholas

- during the symphony, players started to leave the concert master

- Nicholas loved this and they all went home

"Farewell" Symphony First Movement

No. 45

- monothematic

- double announcement of main theme

- unison strings "FF" - passion

Exp. Dev. (NT!) Recap

||:1----1----1 :|| ||:1-----------2---------1 | 1----1---1--- :||

||:i----III--v :|| ||: III-------- VI-------I. | i----iv---i---:||

f#. A. c#. A D f#. bm. f#

What happened after the farewell symphony?

Haydn starte to not write very well

There was a whole group of symphonies in the middle that were not good

Haydn's Paris Symphonies

#82-87

- 6 symphonies

- concerts de la Logo Olympique

(orchestra)

- Haydn's Best

Paris Symphony Movements

1st mvt. - slow introductions

2nd mvt.- theme and variations

3rd mvt. - more elegant minuets

4th mvt. - new form "sonata rondo" form

"Sonata Rondo" form

Rondo ABACA or ABACABA

Exp. Dev. Recap

A-----B-----A C------ A-----B-----A

I------V-----I X------ I------I------I

Sonata Rondo form was from who?

Mozart - combined Rondo form with Sonata Form

No. 83 "La Poule" (The Hen)

Haydn's Paris Symphony

1st movement: 3 themes

double announcement

Development section features real conterpoint

Exp. Dev. Recap.

||: 1----2--"LP"-----:|| ||: "LP" ----2\1 1\2. | 1--2--LP |Coda|

i----III X-------------- I---I---I---I-----

Haydn's London Symphonies

Larger and grander

- in London from 1791-92 and 1794-95

- "Servant" became "celebrity"

- second trip got an honorary doctorate from Oxford

What happened before the London Symphonies

- remain with Esterhazy until death of Nicholas (1790)

- Nicholas' son, Anton, disbanded the orchestra

- Gave Haydn a pension

- Haydn moved to Vienna

Johann Peter Salomon

- wrote to Haydn from London asking Haydn to write and Salomon to produce and split profits

London Symphony Characteristics

Harmony is BOLDER (romantic trait)

London Symphonies 1st movements

- all but #95 start with a slow introduction

- double announcement of 1st theme

- full-scale 2nd theme!!!

London Symphonies 2nd movements

Theme and variations

London Symphonies 3rd movements

longer and broader minuets

London Symphonies 4th movements

most are "Sonata rondo" form

(4 are in sonata rondo with 2nd theme)

London Symphony orchestra

- include trumpets and timpini

- hear clarinets for first time

Haydn's String Quartet

considered "Founder of the string quartet"

- wrote 36 quartets between 1757 and 1781

always in groups of 6

- intended for amateur performances

Haydn's string quartet forms

same as for symphonies

- may switch order of 2nd and 3rd mvts

Op. 33 Quartet

Haydn 1781

called "Russian Quartets"

- influence of Mozart in development areas

String Quartet in E-Flat Major, Op. 33, No. 2 (The Joke), 4th Mvt.

Haydn

- rondo finale

A B A C A' Coda

||:a||b-a:|| ||a||a-b|| ||a||Adagio a'||

Haydn's Vocal Works

operas

masses

oratorios

Haydn's Operas

1769-1790: esterhaza=opera center

- many operas performed there

Haydn's Masses

6 written between 1796 and 1802 under Nichola II

"Mass in Angustiis"

Haydn

for Lorde Nelson

(Lord Nelson Mass, 1798)

Angustiis = Mass for the Trouble times

Haydn's Oratorios

influenced by Handel

"The Creation"

Haydn

about Genesis and "Paradise Lost"

- religious BUT God is portrayed in Enlightenment ideas

- God is more "craftsman" than "creator"

"The Creation" Libretto

intended for Handel but never got around to writing it, gave it to Haydn

"The Creation" characters

5 characters

3 archangels = Gabriel (soprano), Uriel (tenor), Raphael (Bass)

Adam (Bass)

Eve (Soprano)

Chorus = Heavenly Host

"The Creation" overture

"representation of chaos"

(romantic in nature)

"The Seasons"

Haydn

- based on a poem by James Thompson

- Musical characteristics same as "The Creation"

When Haydn died...

He was thought of as the best composer of his time

Wlfgang Amadeus Mozart Biography

Born: Salzburg, Austria

- his faither, Leopold, was a violinist in orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg

- by age 12- he had 1st opera, 1st symphony, 1st oratorio

- age 6-15 he was on tour and displayed over half the time

"The Great Assimilator"

Mozart's nickname?

Mozart Traveling

Paris, London, Vienna

- when in London he met J.C. Bach

Mozart age 15...

- tours ended and he went back to Salzburg court

- took on a servant position (3rd unpaid concert master)

Mozart 1770

- went to Italy and studied with Padre Martini (also teacher to J.C. Bach)

- learned "Singing Allegro" style of Italian music

Mozart 1773

- went back to Salzburg

- Archbishop (his boss) makes it more difficult for him to perform

- he gets upset

Mozart 1777

- in September, traveled to Mannheim, and then to Paris

- traveled to different cities and found Mannehim

learned about the "rocket"

-mother dies and is burried in Paris

Mozart 1779 & 1781

1779 - went back to Salzburg

1781 - released (fired)

Mozart General Musical Characteristics

- assimilated national styles

very electric (absorb not isolated like Haydn)

- simple, elegant melodies that "sing"

- more complete than Haydn's melodies

- unusal harmonies (chromatic)

- contrasting 2 theme in Sonata Form (unlike Haydn)

- consistent order of movements

Mozart Composition

composition was EASY for Mozart

600 compositions

Who arranged Mozart's Compositions

Ludwig von Kochel - "K."

Mozart works of 1774-81

- with the archbishop of Salzburg from age 18-25

- "commercial" composer (for money)

- divertimentos or serenades

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525

Mozart 1787

Serenade

The Vienna Period

- beginning of his last 10 years

- at first, ver successful "Freelance" artist

- popularity fell off (lost interest) BUT best works done at this time

- worst time financially but best time musically

Mozart 1781

met Haydn - Haydn was amazed at Mozart

said Mozart was the finest composer he ever saw

learned from Haydn motivic development

Mozart 1782

- married Constance Weber (sister of women he truly loved like Haydn)

- Barron Gottfield van Swicten - discovered music of J.S. Bach

Vienna Piano Sonatas

most famous:

Piano Sonata in F Major, K33, 1st movement

Piano Sonata in F Major, K33, 1st movement

1st movement - sonata form

alternate between "Singing allegro" galant style and romantic "sturm und drang" style

note: development begins with New Theme

Vienna Symphonies

Now over 50 (figure out which one is his or his father's)

last 6 = best

The concertos for piano and orchestra

- composed 27 "sonata-concerto" form

- 17 of 27 composed in his last 10 years

- show's Mozart as a mature and independent composer

Sonata-Concerto Form

sonata form with double exp

(orch only) (solo+orch) (both). (both.). (solo). (orch)

|orch expo| solo expo. |Dev. | Recap. |coda

|1st------------2nd------- | 1st-2nd |solo orch|1st-2nd cad|

I I I V X I I 6/4

Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor (K466)

Mozart

Most dramatic, best known

related to the drama of the upcoming Romantic period

not normal to what he composed

Piano Concerto in A Major, 1st Mvt. (K. 488)

Mozart

|orch expo. | solo expo | Dev. |Recap. | Coda |

| 1--2--ct (1,2)| 1-2-ct(1,2). | NT. | 1-2-NT ct (1) cad | Orch|

I. I. I I V X I I 6/4 I

Mozart’s Operas

last 10 years of his life operas were the best opera’s he wrote

most famous were comique operas

Most Famous Mozart Operas

• “Le Nozze di Figaro” 1786 (opera Buffa)

• “Don Giovanni” 1787 (drama gicoso)

• “Cosi fan Tutti” 1790 (opera buffa)

all are italian operas - librettist was Lorenzo da Pointe

Die Zauberflote

(The Magic Flute)

1791 (Singspiel)

• had spoken dialogue

• characters are REAL humans with REAL emotions

The Marriage of Figaro

Mozart

• Mozart’s greatest success and first success as a composer

• Based on play by Beaumarchais

• Librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte

Lorenzo da Ponte significance

knew how to soften political implications

he know what hew as doing

Don Giovanni

1787 - Mozart

• dramatic gicoso

• a very “ROMANTIC” opera

• bridge to romantic operas

Don Giovanni plot:

• D.G. seduces Donna Anna

• wants to run away but she won’t let him

• gets into fight with her father and he kills him

• Leporrello - servant (Donna Elvira)

• Zerlina (engaged to Mosetto)

• D.G. tries to seduce her and fails

• Don Giovanni is dragged to hell by Commedatore (Anna’s father)

Don Giovanni Act 1: Scene 1 and 2

• illustrates Mozart’s ability to use ENSEMBLES to create realistic situations AND his ability to mix tragedy with comedy

Don Giovanni Scene 1

• Leporello includes elements of “patter” aria

• TRIO - Donna Anna (opera seria), Don Giovanni (opera seria), Leporello (patter)

• another TRIO - Commendatore, Don Giovanni, Leporello

Don Giovanni Scene 2

Buffa slapstick

Leporello and Don Giovanni altercation

“Catalogue” aria of Leporello

• giant book of Giovanni’s “conquests”

• NEW ARIA FORM - “composite” aria

New Aria Form

“Composite” aria

|4/4——|3/4—-|

What will “Composite” aria become

“cavatina-cabeletta” complex in late 19th C.

Requiem Mass K. 626

Mozart Church Music

• for count Walsegg (his wife past the previous year)

• Did not complete before he died so given to his student to finish

Who was Requiem Mass K. 626 given to?

Franz Xavier Sussmayer (student of Mozart)