Bio 2 Unit 4 Exam

ecology

generates knowledge about interactions in the natural world

environmentalism

uses ecological knowledge along w economics to protect their environment

weather

short-term state of the atmosphere

climate

long-term pattern of the weather

solar radiation

ultimate factor that drives global climate patterns

why are greenhouse gases important?

they warm up the temperature, but too much is bad…

latitude and temperature are

inversely proportional

what causes seasons?

angle of sunlight and length of day

hadley cells

air circulation between 30 N and 30 S

polar cells

air circulation between 60 and 90

ferrel cells

air circulation between 30 and 60, distribute warm air to the north and cold air to the south

Coriolis Effect

the way moving objects appear to curve when they travel across Earth

ocean gyres

ocean currents that move in circular patterns

ocean gyres are ______ in northern hemisphere

clockwise

ocean gyres are ______ in southern hemisphere

counter-clockwise

why are ocean gyres important

they distribute heat and nutrients

rain shadow occurs when there is…

a mountain range nearby a body of water or near an ocean

what kind of climate is it on the oceanside

wet

what kind of climate is it on the non-oceanside

dry

albedo

fraction of solar energy reflected by an object/surface

what does deforestation lead to?

higher temperatures and lower precipitation

cities have more heat due to…

fossil fuels being burnt

biome

grouping of ecologically similar organisms shaped by the environment in which they are found

what determine biomes?

patterns of temperature and precipitation

what are terrestrial biomes characterized by?

dominant plant growth

vicariance

seperation of species by a physical barrier

is there more global diversity at the equator?

yes

Theory of Island Biogeography

species diversity in an island reflects the balance between rates of colonization and extinction

equilibrium number of species

when the rate of immigration balances the rate of extinction

metapopulations

groups of populations connected by dispersal

dispersal

involves either immigration or emigration

endemic species

species restricted to a certain location on earth and nowhere else

intraspecific competition

individuals of same species compete for resources

interspecific competition

individuals of diff species compete for resources

active dispersal

movement is controlled by individual

passive dispersal

movement is controlled by physical environment

active agent

birds disperse seed-laden fruits = example

migration

specific type of dispersal that occurs in response to seasonal variation in resources

full-census count

count every individual in a population

population density

direct count of a subset of individuals in a population within a certain area and use it to estimate the total number of individuals in a population

area-based count

set up plots, meter by meter, and ecologists count how many individuals there are

line transect

sample along a defined line within a population’s range

mark-recapture

capture, mark, and release and repeat with different subsets to estimate total size in sampling area

indirect counts

things like fur, footprints, feces

demography

study of statistics such as births, death, income, disease, whic illustrate the changing structure of populations

limiting resources causes…

more intraspecific competition as population grows

Allee effect

when higher densities of populations are better

3 things under Allee effect

protection, dilution effect, predator detection

type 1 survivorship curve

high survivorship in adulthood, declines with age

type 2 survivorship curve

constant risk of death at all ages

type 3 survivorship curve

low survivorship early in life, higher during maturity

life histories

describe lifetime patterns of growth, reproduction, and survivial

resource allocation

product of genetic and environmental factors

semelparity

reproduce once, then death

iteroparity

reproduces multiple times in life