SHS 712 Exam 2 Study Guide

Definition of Speech Sound Disorder

a condition in which a person has difficulty creating or forming the speech sounds needed to communicate with others

What are the two major types of speech sounds disorders?

articulation and phonological

Definition of Speech Difference

a difference in speech production that is not attributed to a disorder, but rather to the influence of a native language or dialect on the learning of the sounds of General American English

What does a dialect refer to?

variations of a language characteristic of a group of people based on geographical region, social, ethnic, or cultural identity

Dialects can include variations of the components of...

language and speech sound production

The influences of a native language or dialect often results in a difference of...

speech production skills

Dialect Leveling

the result of reducing dialectal differences through common dialect usage across mainstream education and broadcast media

African American English (AAE)

systematic, rule-ordered, linguistic variation of GAE

Do all African Americans speak AAE?

No

AAE may sometimes be called...

African American Vernacular

The degree to wish African Americans speak AAE is related to...

age, gender, and socioeconomic status

Based on the facts of age, gender, and SES status, who is more likely to use AAE?

-males

-children

-lower SES

In terms of AAE, which SES are more adept at code switching?

middle and upper social classes

Limited English Proficient

-individuals who have a native language that is not English

-limits proficiency of the English language

English Language Learners

individuals who are learning English as a second language

When evaluating English Language Learners, SLPS should be aware of?

the impact of their native language on learning English (all areas)

Transfer:

the incorporation of speech sounds from the native language into the nonnative language

Interference:

the impact of the sounds of the native language onthe learning of new sounds

In terms of Cultural Linguistic Recommendations, what does the SLP need to have knowledge of for appropriate assessment and intervention?

the sound system of the native/primary/heritage language

In terms of Cultural Linguistic Recommendations, what does the SLP need to identify?

how the sound system of the native language is impacting the sound system of the second language

In terms of Cultural Linguistic Recommendations, what does the SLP need to be able to determine?

whether there is a speech sound difference or disorder in the first language, the second language, or both

Phoneme system of Spanish language will influence...

the learning/acquisition of the phoneme system of English

Code Switching

the ability to adapt dialect based on communicative context, including the purpose, setting and communication partner

The development of what characteristics are the key to supporting our C + L diverse clients?

cultural competence, cultural humility, cultural responsiveness

As it relates to Speech Sound Disorders, having awareness of C + L considerations will assist us in

-differentiating a speech sound disorder from a speech difference

-impact of the dialect or native language

Purpose of Assessment for SSD:

-Illuminate the nature and severity of the disorder (specific characteristics, contributing factors)

Assessment information must be sufficient to support a...

Differential Diagnosis:

• Articulation disorder

• Phonological disorder

• Childhood apraxia of speech

• Developmental dysarthria

Components of Comprehensive Assessment: (6)

Mnemonic: "Really Cool Hippos Only Act Silly"

• Records Review

• Case History

• Hearing Screening

• Oral Structure and Function Assessment

• Assessment of Articulation and Phonology

• Spontaneous Speech Sample

Records Review:

-prenatal and birth history

-referral

Prenatal and Birth History:

• Maternal illnesses, exposures, complications, unusual conditions at birth

• Post-natal medical concerns related to conditions present at birth, hearing screenings, subsequent health issues, genetic counseling, surgeries, accidents, injuries, childhood illnesses

Referral:

-Referral Source

-Medical Complexities

-Need for Additional Information Prior to Evaluation

How is case history gathered?

written forms or interview

It is important to ensure that case history forms are...

-inclusive

-support clinically and linguistically diverse clients

Case History should gather relevant...

-Medical History

-Developmental History

-Educational History

-Family and Social History

Medical History

-co-occurring diagnoses and complexities

-surgeries/illnesses

Developmental History

-Speech and Language Development

-Overall Development

Educational History

-Is the child in school?

-Exposure to peers and adults

-IEP?

Family and Social History

-foster/adoption families

-genetics

-what do caregivers sound like?

Oral Structure and Function Assessment

Comprehensive examination to understand the anatomical, physiological, and neurological bases of the structures involved in speech production

What material are need for an oral structure and function assessment?

gloves, tongue depressor, flashlight, stopwatch, mirror, cotton gauze

What does the oral structure and function assessment assess?

-head and facial structures

-oral and pharyngeal cavity structures

-diadochokinetic rates and maximum phonation time

Oral and Pharyngeal Cavity Structures assessed in Oral Structure and Function assessment:

-Teeth

-Tongue

-Hard Palate

-Soft Palate

-Fauces

-Pharynx

How is articulation and phonology assessed?

standardized, norm referenced tests

What sounds are assessed in articulation and phonological assessment?

-sounds elicited at word-level (citation)

-sounds in sentences (connected speech)

How do clinicians record errors in articulation and phonological assessment

SODA

• Substitutions

• Omissions

• Distortions

• Additions

What does a Spontaneous Speech Sample Provide?

a more representative sample of connected speech

What are common suggestions for a spontaneous speech sample?

• Establish rapport

• Materials that elicit specific speech sounds

• Interesting Materials

• Provide sufficient response time

• Ask open-ended questions

• Plan a variety of activities for a variety of settings

• Audio- and video-record

• Make notes or transcribe during the sample

A thorough analysis will support...

diagnostic decisions regarding the nature of the speech sound disorder

What are the two broad categories of analysis?

Independent and Relational

Independent Analysis

-Phonetic Inventory

-NOT compared to correct productions or target sounds

Relational Analysis

-Analyzing production in comparison or relation to the target

-SODA can be used to identify error

Phonetic Inventory:

actual sounds produced

Phonemic Inventory:

sounds produced accurately and contrastively

Error Consistency

Are errors the same for the target sound, or different?

What is a Screening?

Activities, tasks, stimuli to provide clinician enough information to determine the need for further, more comprehensive evaluation

How long is a screening?

10-15 minutes

Screening results are typically...

pass or fail

If the client fails a screening,

refer for comprehensive evaluation

Common Screening Tools: (5)

• Word lists

• Questions to elicit phonemes

• Sentence stimuli to be read by child

• A passage such as the "Grandfather Passage"

• Conversation starters

In MS, a child has to be screened for speech, language, hearing and vision by

the end of 1st grade

In screenings in MS schools, the SLP is responsible for...

S/L screening and almost always hearing screening

In MS schools, if a child fails the speech/language screener, what type of meeting is scheduled?

MET

Observations that are used to differentially diagnose articulation-based and phonemic-based speech sound disorders

Assessment and Analysis Observations

SODA refers to...

specific errors in speech production

Collapse of Contrasts

one phoneme substituted for several phonemes

What is the goal of assessment?

determine a diagnosis

Articulation Disorder

inability to produce speech sounds correctly due to motor difficulties

Phonological Disorder

inability to contrastively use phonemes

Is it possible for a child to have both an articulation disorder and phonological disorder?

YES

Traditional Target Selection

-stimulable

-consideration of developmental norms

-consistent errors

Nontraditional Target Selection

-nonstimulable

-later developing phonemes

-inconsistent errors

Stimulability

refers to child's ability to produce a speech sound when provided with an adult model and/or instruction

Stimulable sounds may be _____________ for a child to learn, leading to quicker progress.

easier

Stimulable sounds may emerge without ____________.

intervention

Long-Term Goals

How will we know if therapy is complete?

Short-Term Goals

-guide/steps to achieve long-term goals

-observable and measurable

Session Objectives

More specific, focus on intervention procedures, activities, materials

What are the three components of a goal?

Do, Condition, Criterion

Do Statement:

-target behavior/action to be performed

-action oriented

-written as a verb that is observable

-response level (in words, phrases, sentence, conversational)

`Condition

-how target behavior will be elicited/performed

-where, with whom, materials used, manner of elicitation/response mode, cues provided

Criterion

-level of performance required to achieve the objective

Reduction Example:

The client will reduce the phonological process of final consonant deletion by producing the phonemes /p, t, k/ in final position of words in response to pictures or during story retelling tasks with fewer than 40% errors across three consecutive sessions.