Studied by 4 people
What is a solute?
A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.
What is a solvent?
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
What is a solution?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
What is solubility and the units used for it?
Solubility is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to form a saturated solution. It is usually expressed in units of grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent (g/100g), moles per liter (mol/L), or grams per liter (g/L).
What is simple distillation?
Separates a solvent from a solution by heating it to vaporize the solvent and then condensing it back to liquid form.
What is it used for?
Used to purify liquids, such as obtaining distilled water from saltwater.
What is fractional distillation?
Separates a mixture of liquids with close boiling points using a fractionating column for repeated vaporization and condensation cycles.
What is it used for?
Used to separate mixtures of liquids with close boiling points, like refining crude oil into gasoline and diesel.
What is filtration?
Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through a filter that retains the solid particles.
What is it used for?
Used to separate solids from liquids, such as in water purification.
What is crystallisation?
Purifies solids by dissolving them in a hot solvent and then cooling the solution to form crystals.
What is it used for?
Used to purify solids by forming crystals, like in making pure sugar.
What is paper chromatography?
Separates mixture components based on their movement across paper when carried by a solvent.
What is it used for?
Used to separate and identify substances in mixtures, like testing pigments in inks.
How do you make a chromatogram?
Why is the line drawn in pencil?
Pencil lead does not dissolve.
How do you calculate Rf factor?
Rf = Distance dye travels / solvent front
What is an atom?
The smallest part of an element / The basic building blocks of matter (life)
What is an element?
A substance that only contains one type of atom
What is a compound?
A substance that contains 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded to one another.
What is a mixture?
A substance that contains 2 or more types of atoms that are not chemically bonded to one another.
What is a molecule?
The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms.
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture made of two or more substances that are combined (mixed) together but not dissolved together.
What mixture can filtration separate? Provide an example.
Used to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture.
Removing impurities from drinking water
Separating coffee grounds from liquid coffee
Filtering allergens in the air
What mixture can crystallisation separate? Provide an example.
Dissolved solids from liquids (solution).
Freezing water
Metal crystallisation
Pure salt from water
What mixture can simple distillation separate? Provide an example.
Purifying a liquid compound by heating it into a vapor that is then condensed back into a liquid.
Separating water from saltwater
Recovering Solvents from Reaction Mixtures
Extracting Essential Oils from Plants
What mixture can fractional distillation separate? Provide an example.
Components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts (called fractions) according to their different boiling points.
Petroleum refining
Natural gas processing
Alcohol production
What mixture can chromatography separate? Provide an example.
A method used to separate and identify the components of a mixture of soluble substances.
Separating pigments from inks/dyes
Food and beverage testing
Drug testing
What are the 3 basic parts of an atom?
Electron, Neutron, Proton
What charge does a proton have?
Positive +
What charge does a neutron have?
Neutral 0
What charge does an electron have?
Negative -
What does it mean if the total charge of an atom is 0?
The protons and electrons are equal.
What determines the atomic number of an atom?
The number of protons
What happens to an atom if the number of protons is changed? Why?
The atom changes into a different element because the protons in an atom are always constant.
What is the mass of a proton?
1
What is the mass of a neutron?
1
What is the mass of an electron?
1/20000
What make up the total Relative Atomic Mass?
The total amount of neutrons and protons.
What properties do halogens have?
Non-metal
Do not conduct electricity
Brittle and crumbly when solid
Poisonous and bad odour
What happens to the colour of the halogens as you go down the periods?
They become darker in colour.
What colour is fluorine?
Pale yellow
What state is fluorine in room temperature?
Gas
What colour is chlorine?
Green-yellow
What state is chlorine in room temperature?
Gas
What colour is bromine?
Red-brown
What state is bromine in room temperature?
Liquid
What colour is iodine?
Blue-black
What state is iodine in room temperature?
Solid
What happens to the reactivity of alkali metals as you go down the group?
Decreases
What is diatomic?
Molecules that exist as two atoms covalently bonded together.
What is displacement?
The reaction when a more reactive halogen reacts with a compound containing a less reactive halogen.
What is a halide?
The name of a halogen when it has reacted with another substance and gained a full outer electron shell.
What is a halogen?
An element that belonged to group 7
What is a hydrogen halide?
A compound formed from the reaction between hydrogen and a halogen.
What is a metal halide?
A compound formed from the reaction between a metal and a halogen
What is sublimation?
Change from solid to gas without without turning into a liquid
What is deposition?
Change from gas to solid without turning into a liquid.
Define volatile.
A substance that evaporated or produces vapour at relatively low temperatures.
What does ur mean if an element has a high boiling point?
It has strong intermolecular forces so it takes more energy to break their bonds.
Note
Flashcard