ARC 1013 - Briar Jones/MSST - Test 3

Renaissance Characteristics

math, rational properties, universal order

not aspire to heavens, grounded to Earth/human reason

circle & square; pure geometric form

15th C

Humanism

philosophical system based upon the capacity of humankind for rational, objective through, and action; stresses human reason and is centered in human nature, interests, and ideals, as distinct from religious philosophies based on God

Renaissance

the activity, spirit, or time of humanistic revival of classical art, lit, and learning originating in Italy in the 14th C-17th C

Renaissance Architecture

the various adaptations of Italian Renaissance architecture that occurred throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th & 17th Cs, characteristized by the use of Italian forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings

Cathedral in Florence

dome is witness to human achievement

dome is double shell

built by Brunelleschi

Brunelleschi

architect, painter, sculptor, goldsmith. Father of the Renaissance

Early Renaissance

a style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed in the 15th C, characterized by the development of linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and in buildings, by the free and inventive use of classical detail

Piazza

where the "community" came together to get water and socialize

Duomo

Dome of Cathedral in Florence (1418-36)

largest dome built since Romans

no centering, self supported

employed ribs and double shell

Church of San Lorenzo

Brunelleschi

Medici hired Brun to redo it

Church of San Spirito

Brunelleschi

proportions and style fully realized

Pazzi Chapel

Brunelleschi

Vitruvius

Church of Saint Andrea

Alberti

wrote his own 10 books arch modeled after Vitruvius

promoted arch as an intellectual activity

Villa Rotando

1500 Vicenza, Italy

Palladio

supreme example of theoretically inspired design (completely symmetrical, elements all governed by proportional relationship, turned house into temple)

Palazzo

city house

San Giorgio Maggiore

Venice, Italy

scaled to present a face to the town of Venice

High Renaissance

a style of Italian renaissance art and architecture developed the late 15th C, characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in the paintings, and in building, by the imitative use of orders and compositional arrangements in the classical style, with great attention to the formulation of compositional rules after the precepts of Vitruvius and the presidents of existing ruins

Tempietto of San Pietro

Bramante

perfection of circular geometry

believed St. Peter martyred here

Donte Bramante

1444-1514

close to da Vinci

early work in Milan

moved to Rome after French sack of Milan (1499)

Pope Julius II

1503

humanist ideals introduced into Papal Court (Rome Queen City - consolidate temporal power; return glory from Roman antiquity)

St. Peter's

1505-1612

Michelangelo changed it

a magnificent new church over the crypt of St. Peter

dome becomes icon, often repeated

tomb of Pope Julius II wouldn't fit in old basilica

Bramante's scheme was on a scale grander than any Roman structure (dome compared to Pantheon)

Palazzo Caprini

Rome, 1512; Bramante

Manerism

A traditional style in European architecture in the late 16th C, particularly in Italy, characterized by unconventional use of classical elements

Michelangelo

1475-1564

rebelled against Renaissance decorum; adjusted proportions, details to suit his purpose

Laurentian Library

1524; Michelangelo

compete challenge to Renaissance rules of order, proportion, and use of historic elements

Michelangelo manipulated architecture into sculpture

Campidoglio, Capitoline Hill

1536; Michelangelo

organization deviates from purity of Renaissance geometry (subtle tension of angled plan & overall plaza)

Ideas begin to become "Mannerism"

Palazzo Strozzi

began 1489; Florence, Italy

Palazzo Farnese

1559; Barozzi da Vignola

Inigo Jones

1572-1652

Englishman

Queen's House

1616, Greenwich; Jones

Balustrade

a railing supported by balusters

Banqueting Hall

1619-22, Whitehall, London; Jones

Renaissance v. Baroque (17th C)

R:

engage intellect

pure forms

emphasis individual in isolation

arch for wealthy

individual isolated buildings

B:

engage the emotions

illusionary effects

emphasize on as part of social classes

arch for all social classes

buildings designed to fit context

Baroque Architecture

A style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th C and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a half characterized by free and sculptural use of classical order and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpretation of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpting, painting, and the decorative arts

Bernini & Borromini

Baroque in Rome

reaffirmation of catholic church after reformation

building to awe

counter reformation

S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Rome, 1634; Borromini

Colonnade at St. Peter

Rome, Bernini

Piazza Navdna

Rome, 1644; Bernini & Borromini

Baldacchino

St. Peter's, Bernini

London - FIre of 1666

after rebuilding city of London, early building code

Sir Christopher Wren redesigned St. Paul' s & 50+ others

St. Paul's

London, 1675-1709; Sir Wren

St. Clemente Dane

St. Mary-Le-Bow

Royal Hospital in Grenwich

1696-1702

Christ Church & St. Mary Woolnoth

London

Versailles

outside Paris, begun 1661

baroque (inside and landscape)

Louis XIV's hunting lodge

gardens included almost 1400 fountains; water from Siete River

Parterre

geometrically organized gardens

Allee

pathway lined with trees

Rococo

a style of decorative art that evolved from baroque; distinguished by fanciful, curved spatial forms

Die Weis

Dominikus Zimmerman

church in rural Bavaria

designed by Zimmerman bros

plain outside

Johann Balthasar Neuman

Vierzehhailgen

Spanish Steps

Rome, 1723-5

St. Martin-in-the-Field

London, 1722-6

James Gibbs design copied throughout US

Federal style

American version of Georgian after American Revolution

copied from British architect Robert Adams (1728-92)

Benjamin Latrobe

first architect in States

Baltimore Cathedral and U.S. Capital

Pierre Charles L'Enfant

plan of D.C.

US & England going thru Greek revival

Virginia State Capital

1785-9; Jefferson

based on Maison Carree in Nimes

Monticello

1770; Jefferson

finished during presidency

UVA

1817-26; Jefferson

Ecole des Beaux-Arts

first arch school

Etienne-Louis Boullee

1728-99

Monument to Newton

Charles-Nicholas Ledoux

1736-1806

Viollet-le-Dec

1814-79

leading proponent of Gothic revival in France

Carpenter Gothic

Richardson Romanesque

Henry Hobson Richardson

Trinity Church (1872-7) Boston

Nationalism

want to establish identity through arch using historical references

Crystal Palace

London, 1851; Joseph Paxton

Joesph Paxton

horticulturalist

modular parts that could be disassembled and reassembled

Bibliotheque Ste. Geneieve

1842-50, Paris; Henri Labrouste

symbolic of train station; journey to knowledge

Brooklyn Bridge

1869-83, New York

suspension bridge by tension

(Gustav) Eiffel Tower

1885, Paris

iron construction

Home Insurance Building

1883

1st skyscraper

Louis Sullivan

celebrate and express vertically in highrises

3 zones on facade

light curtain wall

Chicago Opera House

Sullivan

Burnhan & Root

Chicago

Fredrick Law Olmsted

Father of Landscape Arch

designed Central Park

designed grounds of Biltmore

Columbia Exposition of 1893 in Chicago

Frank Lloyd Wright

1869-1959

American/Chicagoan Arch

most significant American arch in 20th C

3 stylistic developments

1. early work - "arts and crafts" derived style

2. "prairie" style - modern horizontal, interwoven spaces

3. mature style - more expressionistic

Robie House

1908-9

FLW

Unity Temple

1909

FLW

Falling Water

1934-7

FLW

AEG Turbine Factory

Berlin, 1909; Peter Behrens

Fagus Factory

Germany, 1911; Walter Gropius

International Style

designing buildings for the world theoretically: an abstract style that can fit anywhere

Barcelona Pavilion

Ludwig Mies van der Rowe

Bauhaus

school in Ger. (1919 by Walter Gropius)

huge influence on modern architecture

concept: art, design, & construction are united

promoted "form follows function"

political purpose - housing for masses

about the collective

Piet Mondrian

Dutch painter; 1872-1944

figures in dev. of 20th C abstract art

BANISHED from his work

1. natural objects

2. 3-D pictorial space (perspective)

3. curved lines

4. sensuous qualities of texture & color

Le Corbusier

Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris

French architect 1887-1966

one of the most significant architects of the modern architecture & the 20th C art movement

"Maison Dom-Ino"

complete reduction of a house to element form

idea of the universal house

cities and urban landscape designed the same way

GRID form representing modernity, newness, and efficiency

Unite d'habitation

1953-5; Le Corbusier

Villa Savoye

1929-31; Le Corbusier

Chrysler Building

1930; William Van Alen

Guggenheim Museum

1943-59; FLW

Church of Sagrada Family

Antoni Gaudi

TWA Terminal

NYC; Eero Saarinen

Dulles Airport

D.C.; Eero Saarinen

St. Louis Gateway Arch

Eero Saarinen

Phillips Exeter Academy Library

1965-72; Louis Kahn

Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown

"Less is a Bore"

Vanna Venturi House 1964

Guild House 1960-5

Michael Graves

Swan & Dolphin Hotels; Disney

Portland Building