Chapter 1: Models of child language

cognitive

auditory processing, limited processing, capacity, procedural deficits

mismatch

not all solutions involve changing the child; some involve altering the environment

categorical

identifies the best grouping to apply to a child who is not using language as expected for their age

specific disabilities

shows how individuals with language disorders differ in some abilities relative to others, focus on strengths and weaknesses

descriptive-developmental or communication-language approach

describes in detail language function through form, content, and use

etiological

categorizes children according to the syndrom, condition, disorder(etiology)

what is the focus of cognitive model?

it emphasizes the relationship between cognitive deevlopment and language acquisition

what is the key idea of the cognitive model?

the children's ability to think, remember, and understand concepts influences their language learning.

what is an example of the cognitive model?

a child who has developed cognitive ability to understand object permeance (that an object still exists even when out of sight) may also be better able to learn and use words for that object.

what is the focus of the mismatch model?

how environmental challenges impact an individual's language.

what is the key idea of the mismatch model?

language learning is likely driven by environmental stimuli that aligns with the individual's needs

What is an example of the mismatch model?

a child with minimal exposure to print is less likely to recognize the significance of letters , potentially resulting

what is the focus of the categorical model?

classifying language difficulties into distinct types.

What is the key idea of the categorical model?

Name 3 examples of the categorical model

1. receptive language disorder

2. expressive language disorder

3. pragmatic disorder

receptive language disorder

-difficulty understanding & comprehending spoken or written language(words, sentences, and directions)

expressive language disorder

-Difficulty with expressing oneself through speech or writing

-difficulty using words, sentences, and proper grammar.

pragmatic disorder

difficulty using language appropriately in social situations

What is the FOCUS of the Specific Disabilities Model?

identifying language impairments that are not attributed to other conditions

What is the KEY IDEA of the Specific Disabilities Model?

DLD, Specific Language Impairment (SLI), describes a primary language disorder that is not a result of hearing loss, intellectual disability, or other neurological conditions

What is an EXAMPLE of Specific Disabilities Model?

a child may struggle to learn and use language effectively without any known medical reason, impacting their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills.

What is the FOCUS of the Descriptive-Developmental or Communication-Language Approach?

understanding language development in the context of the child's broader communication skills and social interactions

What is the KEY IDEA of the Descriptive-Developmental or Communication-Language Approach?

this approach views language as a social tool and examines how children learn to use it effectivelu in various situations to achieve their communication goals.

What is an EXAMPLE of the Descriptive-Developmental or Communication-Language Approach?

Analyzing how a child's language use, includin their gestures, tone of voice, and interaction patterns, supports their ability to make requests, ask questions, and connect with others

What is the FOCUS of the Etiological Model?

identifying the underlying causes of language disorder

What is the KEY IDEA of the Etiological Model?

Seeks to understand the biological, neurological, or environmental factors that lead to language difficulties

What is an EXAMPLE of the Etiological Model?

identifying the genetic predisposition, brain injury, or medical condition (like a stroke) that might be causing a child to experience difficulties with speech or language.

Fill in the blank:

According to ASHA, about _____% of children, or roughly 1 in 14, have a developmental language disorder.

7%

Fill in the blank:

Approximately ____% of children with language disorders continue to experience language difficulties in adulthood.

50%

Fill in the blank:

Nearly ____ in ____ U.S. children ages 3-17 has had a disorder related to voice, speech, language, or swallowing.

1 in 12

Fill in the blank:

Boys ages ___ to ___ are more likely than girls to have a voice, speech, language, or swallowing disorder.

3 to 17

language disorders

A difficulty understanding and using spoken or written language.

- potentially affects a person's ability to communicate effectively.

- Complex

- Involve a combination of factors, such as: Genetic, neurological, and/or environmental factors

Name the three key aspects of language disorders

Form, content, and use

Form, Content, and Use

FORM: syntax, morphology, and phonology

CONTENT: semantic

USE: pragmatics

Co-occuring conditions

Language disorder can co-occur with other conditions.

Can make the language disorders more complex to diagnose and treat.

Example: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), autism spectrum disorder(ASD), or intellectual disability

genetic factors

Genetic component

Researchers have identified specific genes that may be involved in language development.

May not be fully understood

neurological factors

neurological conditions; disrupts the brain's ability to process and produce language

Example: Developmental brain abnormalities, traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, degenerative diseases

Environmental factors

poverty, neglect, abuse can impact language development

example: a child who experiences chronic stress or sleep deprivation

Developmental factors

may experience a delay in language development that may or may not be related to other developmental delays

(can be temporary)

Name the 5 causes of language disorders

1. Co-occuring conditions

2. geneic factors

3. neurological factors

4. environmental factors

5. developmental factors

Comorbidity

a situation where a child may experience two or more disorders simultaneously

Name the 6 steps to diagnosing a language disorder

1. observations

2. comprehensive evaluation (additional assessments)

3. diagnosis

4. treatment plan/planning

5. intervention

6. follow up assessments/progress monitoring

FORM: Key Linguistic Characteristics of Developmental Language Disorders(DLD)

- most consistently omit morphosyntactic markers of grammatical tense in spontaneous speech

-errors in grammatical forms in older children are an indicator of a language disorder

CONTENT: Key Linguistic Characteristics of Developmental Language Disorders(DLD)

- limited or poor vocabularies throughout development

-As children get older the problem becomes what they know about words

-Example: words with multiple meanings

USE: Key Linguistic Characteristics of Developmental Language Disorders(DLD)

- can be seen as immature

-Difficulty understanding and applying pragmatic rules

-Example: social conventions

Development

A problem that arises in childhood.

-communication milestones

language

Receptive and/or expressive

-Think of what is used to communicate (spoken or written)

disorder

A significant deviation from the typical developmental patterns

-Both neutralist (test scores) and normative (functional assessment) criteria

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Diagnostic issues in DLD

- consider a child's language development relative to chronological age

- The child's overall level or cognitive ability or "mental age"

- Individuals with DIsabilities Education Act(IDEA) stipulates that services be determined on an individual basis

SUBTYPES: Diagnostic issues in DLD

- lack of agreement

-range in severity or classification are often subjective

DIAGNOSTIC CUTOFFS: Diagnostic issues in DLD

- cutoff scores for eligibility are mandated by school districts

-arbitrary

-inconsistent profiles of language skills and deficits

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

common method used to examine brain structure and function

Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging(fMRI)

used to identify regions of the brain that become active while performing language tasks

electrophysiological measures (EEGs)

measure language processing in real time

Name the 3 types of language disorders

1. expressive language disorders

2. receptive language disorders

3. mixed receptive-expressive language disorders

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

A combination of expressive and receptive language difficulties.

- difficulty with both understanding and using language effectively

-Grammar, vocab, sentence structure, and comprehension