Protest Movements, Political Contestation, and Social Struggles in Britain (1811-1914) Cartes | Quizlet

What period does the document cover regarding protest movements in Britain?

1811-1914

Who is associated with the historiographical revolution in the study of protest movements?

E.P. Thompson

What is the title of E.P. Thompson's influential work?

The Making of the English Working Class

What major historical event does the period encompass?

The final phase of the Industrial Revolution and rapid urbanization

What was the primary focus of Luddites?

Defending the 'moral economy'

What were the Six Acts?

Legislation aimed at repressing radical activities after the Peterloo Massacre

What was the Peterloo Massacre?

A protest for reform that ended in violence on August 16, 1819

What did the Chartist movement advocate for?

Political reforms including universal male suffrage and other democratic rights

What were the Six Points of Chartism?

A set of demands including universal suffrage and secret ballots

Who were key figures in the Chartist movement?

O'Connor, Lovett, Harney, and Jones

What was the significance of the Newport Rising?

It highlighted the limits of insurrection within the Chartist movement

What were the Tolpuddle Martyrs known for?

Their role in early trade unionism and the struggle for workers' rights

What is the 'New Model' of trade unions?

Trade unions that emerged in the 1850s-1860s, focusing on skilled workers

What was the 'New Unionism'?

A movement in the 1880s-1890s aimed at organizing unskilled workers

What was the role of the Independent Labour Party (ILP)?

To represent the interests of the working class in politics

What was the Cat and Mouse Act?

Legislation allowing the government to release hunger-striking suffragettes temporarily

Who was Emily Davison?

A suffragette known for her militant tactics and martyrdom

What was the impact of the Great Labour Unrest (1910-1914)?

It marked a significant period of labor strikes and demands for workers' rights

What did the Anti-Slavery Movement serve as a model for?

Other protest movements, including women's suffrage and labor rights

What is the significance of class consciousness in this period?

It refers to the awareness of the working class regarding their social and economic position

What did Thompson argue against regarding the perception of workers?

He rejected views that depicted workers as passive victims of history

What is meant by 'agency' in Thompson's analysis?

The capacity of workers to act independently and make their own choices in history

What does Thompson define as 'class'?

A historical phenomenon based on relationships, not merely a social structure

What was the legacy of the Chartist movement?

It laid the groundwork for future labor movements and democratic reforms

How did the government respond to protest movements during this period?

With repression, including legislation like the Six Acts and the Cat and Mouse Act

What were the 'moral economy' principles defended by Luddites?

The belief that economic practices should be based on fairness and community welfare

What was the significance of the Labour Representation Committee?

It was formed to represent labor interests in Parliament, leading to the Labour Party's creation

What was the role of women in the suffrage movement?

Women organized campaigns and protests to secure voting rights and political representation

What is the distinction between class experience and class consciousness according to Thompson?

Class experience is determined by productive relations, while class consciousness involves how these experiences are culturally articulated.

What does Thompson mean by 'class experience'?

Class experience is largely determined by the productive relations into which individuals are born or enter involuntarily.

How does Thompson define 'class consciousness'?

Class consciousness is how experiences are handled in cultural terms, embodied in traditions, value-systems, ideas, and institutional forms.

What is the significance of agency in class consciousness according to Thompson?

While class position may be determined, the response of individuals—such as their consciousness, organization, and protest—involves agency and choice.

What was Thompson's mission regarding historical figures?

To rescue the narratives of marginalized historical figures from being dismissed by history's 'winners' as reactionary or foolish.

Who is Eric Hobsbawm and what approach did he represent?

Eric Hobsbawm was a historian representing orthodox Marxism with a structuralist approach.

What key work did Hobsbawm co-author and what did it analyze?

Hobsbawm co-authored 'Captain Swing' which analyzed the 1830 Swing Riots involving agricultural laborers.

What are 'primitive rebels' according to Hobsbawm?

Primitive rebels are pre-industrial forms of protest lacking modern organization.

What does Hobsbawm mean by 'pre-political movements'?

Protests that are not yet articulated as political demands.

What is the concept of 'labour aristocracy'?

Privileged skilled artisans with high wages and conservative attitudes, co-opted by capitalism.

What was Gareth Stedman Jones's provocative thesis about Chartism?

Chartism was not a class-conscious workers' movement, but a radical political movement using constitutional language.

What did Stedman Jones emphasize in his analysis of historical discourse?

He emphasized analyzing discourse and language, not just material conditions.

What critique did critics have of Stedman Jones's approach?

Critics argued he over-separated language from material reality and ignored economic grievances driving Chartism.

What did Dorothy Thompson contribute to the study of Chartism?

She documented women's participation in Chartism, showing they were active agents rather than passive supporters.

What was Anna Clark's key thesis regarding manhood suffrage?

She argued that manhood suffrage was predicated on the subordination of women.

How did working-class masculinity shift after the Queen Caroline affair according to Clark?

It shifted from misogynist libertinism to 'chivalrous' masculinity, seeking respectability through domestic ideology.

What is Katrina Navickas known for in her study of protest?

She brought a geographic approach, studying how place and landscape shaped protest.

What concept did Navickas introduce to describe the organization of labor?

She introduced 'task-scapes' to describe the spatial and social organization of labor that workers defended.

What rural dimension did Navickas challenge in Luddism studies?

She challenged the urban/industrial focus by showing rural protests against threshing machines preceded urban agitation.

What geographic mobility aspect did Navickas highlight about Luddites?

Luddites used intimate knowledge of terrain to evade authorities during protests.

What primary source did Navickas uncover for her research?

She unearthed the unpublished diaries of Matthew Tomlinson, a tenant farmer.

What was the primary concern of farmers regarding threshing machines?

Panic among farmers about threshing machines being targeted for destruction.

What action did frightened owners take regarding their threshing machines?

Pre-emptive dismantling of machines.

Who stood guard over grain stacks with a loaded firelock?

Tomlinson.

What did Tomlinson quote on March 29, 1812, about the thrashing machine?

"It is rumoured that the Thrashing Machine is also to become an object of their attention."

What did Tomlinson observe about the discussions surrounding thrashing machines on April 26, 1812?

"The Thrashing Machines are now all that are talked about, the rabble will have them all down..."

What was Tomlinson's view on farmers taking down their machines?

"I think is very impolitic; for if the labouring Man had no intention of destroying them..."

What concept describes workers as subjects, not objects, of history?

Agency.

What is the moral economy according to Thompson?

Community norms of fairness versus free-market political economy.

What does the term 'task-scapes' refer to?

The spatial and social organization of labor that workers defended.

What is class consciousness?

Awareness and articulation of shared interests among workers.

What is the repertoire of contention?

A limited set of learned protest routines that change over time.

What does respectability refer to in the context of the working class?

Adoption of middle-class norms to claim legitimacy.

What is community ecology?

Local structures determining protest forms.

What does the phrase 'condescension of posterity' refer to?

Historians' tendency to dismiss past struggles as irrelevant.

What is de-skilling?

The process by which mechanization reduced the need for craft skills.

What was the strategic debate between moral force and physical force in Chartism?

Lovett's peaceful constitutionalism versus the threat/use of violence.

What does the term 'labour aristocracy' refer to?

Privileged skilled workers co-opted by capitalism.

What is the linguistic turn in historical analysis?

Prioritizing analysis of discourse/language over material conditions.

What economic change involved the replacement of hand labor with machines?

Mechanization.

What was a significant social change during the Industrial Revolution?

Massive migration to industrial cities.

What did the term 'Old Corruption' refer to in the political context?

An oligarchic system characterized by rotten boroughs and patronage.

What was the impact of the Corn Laws of 1815?

Protected landowners and raised bread prices.

What did William Cobbett observe about wages in 1832?

Many men who formerly earned 20 to 30 shillings per week were now living on 4-5 shillings.

What does the term 'Industrial Revolution' debate suggest?

It is contested whether it constitutes a true revolution due to diverse manufacturing structures.

What was Luddism?

A machine-breaking movement that emerged in 1811-1812 across northern England.

Who was 'General Ludd'?

The mythical figure after whom the Luddite movement was named.

What economic crisis occurred in 1811-1812?

A series of bad harvests, trade blockades, and unemployment.

What was the peak price of wheat in May 1812?

126 shillings per quarter, double the annual average of the 1790s.

What were the Orders in Council?

Trade blockades disrupting commerce with the US and Europe.

What was Luddism primarily a response to?

The displacement of skilled labor by machines and erosion of customary protections.

What did Luddism defend against?

Wage cuts, unemployment, and the production of inferior goods.

What was the Framework Knitters' Charter?

A legal document that allowed only 'full-wrought hose' to be produced.

What did the Nottingham Review state about frame-breaking?

Frames were broken due to the production of goods that were of little worth and deceptive.

What was the significance of customary law in Luddism?

It was invoked against capitalist innovation, highlighting a conflict between moral and political economy.

What did Yorkshire woollen workers petition Parliament for in 1806?

Limits on the number of looms owned by one firm and restrictions on hiring children.

What characterized Nottinghamshire Luddism?

Invocation of customary rights and emphasis on quality and fair dealing.

What was the first incident of Luddism in Nottinghamshire?

On March 11, 1811, stockingers gathered and broke sixty stocking frames.

What was the major incident involving Luddites in Yorkshire on April 9, 1812?

About 300 Luddites fired Joseph Foster's mill for refusing to remove machinery.

What happened during the attack on Rawfolds Mill on April 11, 1812?

Luddites attacked the mill, resulting in the deaths of two machine breakers.

What was the outcome of the murder of William Horsfall?

Three individuals were hanged for his murder in January 1813.

What characterized Lancashire Luddism?

More insurrectionary tone and women's participation in the movements.

What did Luddites do to warn employers?

They sent threatening letters demanding the removal of offensive machinery.

What was the gender dimension of Lancashire Luddism?

Involvement of women, including men dressed as women to lead crowds.

What was the significance of the term 'spurious goods' in Luddism?

It referred to inferior products that Luddites sought to eliminate through their actions.

What was the response of the government to Luddite actions?

They offered rewards for information leading to the capture of Luddites.

How did Luddism differ across regions?

It comprised three distinct movements in Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Lancashire with different targets and tactics.

What was the role of the Framework Knitters' Company?

They believed their actions were legally justified under the Framework Knitters' Charter.

What was the nature of the attacks in Lancashire in April 1812?

Attacks on steam-loom mills resulted in casualties and destruction.

What did the Nottingham Journal report about the March 11, 1811 incident?

It reported that the crowd was vociferous in condemning employers and clamoring for work.

What did the term 'moral economy' refer to in the context of Luddism?

The ethical considerations of economic practices that Luddites sought to protect.

What was the significance of the cross-dressing in Lancashire Luddism?

It provided disguise and invoked traditional rituals to challenge authority.