VA + US history || Colonization (Study Guide)

3 main cash crops

Grain, indigo, and tobacco

What was Bacon’s Rebellion?

A rebellion in 1676 led by Nathaniel Bacon and former indentured servants. Motivated by frustration of poor freemen in the Chesapeake due to Indian attacks and the lack of good land.

• Burned Jamestown

• Led to distrust of indentured servants (therefore increased slave labor)

• Governor Berkley crushed the rebellion.

Slavery vs. Indentured Servitude

Slavery is defined by forced labor and ownership of an individual, while indentured servitude was a practice where individuals agreed to work for a fixed term in return for their passage to the New World.

What company settled Jamestown?

The Virginia Company of London

What factor killed the most Native Americans?

The introduction of diseases

First representative government used in Jamestown?

The House of the Burgesses

Routes of Triangular trade:

Europe —> Africa (traded supplies for enslaved people)

Africa —> Americas (“middle passage”) (enslaved people transported from Africa to the Americas)

Americas —> Europe (materials produced by slave labor brought back to Europe)

Where did the Quakers settle?

Pennsylvania

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

Theologian, preacher, and congregationalist influenced by Puritanism.

What happened December 1606?

105 settlers and entrepreneurs set off

What happened April 1607?

Settlers arrive in Virginia

Who was elected President of Governing Council and selected the island location?

Edward Maria Wingfield

Reasons for Jamestown Island settlement

1) far enough to hide from the Spanish 2) deep water anchor for the ships 3) swamp and river offers protection from local Native Americans

Which Native American group lived in the Virginia area?

~14,000 Powhatan Indians

Chief Powhatan’s daughter

Pocahontas

Why did The Starving Time occur?

Many of the settlers were unaccustomed to survival, focused too much of their attention on gold + mineral extraction, and they were unprepared for harsh winters

Effects of the Starving Time

• Disease from the infected river

• Hunger from not planting crops

• Attacks by local Native Americans

Who took leadership over the Jamestown colony?

John Smith

What was the feeding policy that John Smith enforced?

“He that will not work, shall not eat.”

What was the first cash crop?

Tobacco (a smoother breed)

Who created the first cash crop?

John Rolfe

What marriage helped bring peace between the settlers and Native Americans?

Pocahontas and John Rolfe

What happens in 1619?

First Africans are brought to Jamestown. Institution of Slavery begins

How many enslaved Africans were forced to work over 3 centuries?

10 million

What happens in 1698?

Royal African Company loses its charters, leaving the lucrative slave trade up to wealthy colonists

Slave codes

Governmental regulations that delineate between the rights of servants and slaves

When was the House of Burgesses established?

1619

First representative government in America

House of Burgesses

What happens in 1620?

~90 women arrive from England

The Province of Maryland

• Lord Baltimore (Sir George Calvert) wanted his own colony 

• Promoted to be a refuge for English Catholics

• Selected St. Mary’s City as the first settlement

• Representative government (like Virginia)

The Province of Carolina

• Chartered in 1663

• Representative assembly

• Largely Protestant

• Settled by some French Huguenots

• Also settled by some West Indian planters (who brought slavery to the region)

• Economy based on cash crops

The Province of Georgia

• Granted a charter in 1732

• Founded by Gen. James Oglethorpe

• Created as a buffer between the British and Spanish Florida

• Also used as a debtor’s colony (criminals and convicts from England)

Headright System

To encourage the importation of workers, land grants of about 50 acres/person were given to the head of a family, allowing him to receive up to 1,000 acres

Who ended Bacon’s Rebellion?

Governor Berkley

New England colonies consisted mostly of _____

Puritans

New York (middle colony) consisted mostly of ____

Jews and Huguenots

Pennsylvania (middle colony) consisted mostly of ____

Quakers

New Jersey (middle colony) consisted mostly of ____

Presbyterians

Southern colonies consisted mostly of ____

People of the Anglican church

What happened in 1609?

First Dutch merchants arrive in the Middle Colonies

Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, PA, Delaware

New York

• Originally part of New Netherland

• New Amsterdam was purchased from the Lenape by Peter Minuit

• The Duke of York sent a fleet & hundreds of soldiers to demand the colony

New Jersey

• The Dutch & Swedish both had early claims

• First permanent settlement was English

• Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret granted the lands

Delaware

• The Dutch & Swedish both had claims

• Peter Minuit founded New Sweden there

• Surrendered to the Duke of York also

• Was part of Pennsylvania until 1703

Pennsylvania

• King Charles II owed money to William Penn’s deceased father 

• In return, Penn received a land grant in 1681 for English Quakers

Who was the founder of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia, signed a peace treaty with the Lenape Indians, and supported democracy + religious freedom across his colony?

William Penn

Which colonial region had effective farmland, used grain as a cash crop, and became known as the “bread basket”?

Middle Colonies

Port Cities

Cities with ports, in which farmers transported their crops along rivers

2 largest cities in the colonies by mid 1700s

Philadelphia and New York

Proprietary colonies

Owned by single individuals appointed by the king

Where was the Frontier?

Along the Appalachian mountains

Who settled the Frontier?

Scots, Irish, and Germans

What was the purpose of the Frontier?

To resist English authority

Who were the strict religious separatists who left England for Holland (at first)?

Pilgrims

When did the Pilgrims start their 66-day voyage to America?

1620

Why was New England not ideal for farming?

Thin, rocky soil; short growing season with cold winters; a more mountainous region

Where do the Pilgrims land?

Plymouth

What did the pilgrims sign that established a form of self-governance of the Plymouth colony?

The Mayflower Compact

When was the first Thanksgiving?

1621

Who became governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 and wanted to create a “city upon a hill”?

John Winthrop

Governor of Plymouth Colony who practiced Athenian style democracy

William Bradford

Who founded Rhode Island after being banished due to his dissenting opinions from the Church?

Roger Williams

Who moved to Rhode Island after being banished due to holding bible meetings for women?

Anne Hutchinson

What was the conflict of King Philip’s War?

Land ownership struggle between settlers and Native American groups

Who was the Wampanoag Chief who united tribes against the colonists in 1675?

Metacom

Results of King Philip’s War

7/8 Native Americans killed, 6/13 colonists. Colonists win after Metacom’s death.