APUSH: unit 1: 1491-1607

Native ppl migrate+settle around N America → develop

 their own societies

Native societies adapted to + transform env

• agricultural innovation, resource use, social structure

eu + native Am + afr. Contact →

• columbian exchange →social, cultural, pol. Changes both in afroeurasia + Am

  • Eu expansion in W Hemi. → social, rel., pol, econ, competition + change in Eu society

  • Columbian exchange + develop. of Spanish empire in W Hemi. → demog., econ., social change

  • Eu + nat Am interact → divergent worldview abt rel., gender roles, family, land use, power

SW: Spread of maize cultivating…supported by

• (mexico -(north)-> SW Am + more) ←supported by 

  • econ. Develop., 

  • settlement, 

  • irrigation, 

  • social diversification in societies 

SPECIFICITY: Hohokam

Practiced advanced maize (corn) agriculture in the desert

SPECIFICITY: Pueblo

Sedentary villages with multi-story adobe or stone homes

Maize (corn) cultivation using advanced irrigation in desert conditions

Complex societies with religious ceremonies, kivas (underground chambers), and trade networks

Descendants of the Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi)

GBa+GPla: Societies face….develop what lifestyle

• Societies face great basin, arid, and W great plains, grassland: develop mobile lifestyle

SPECIFICITY: Apache

Lived in arid and semi-arid regions → relied on mobility for survival

Practiced hunting, gathering, and some seasonal farming

After the arrival of horses (post-1680), many Apache became skilled horsemen

Engaged in trade, raiding, and conflict with Spanish, Mexicans, and later Americans

SPECIFICITY: Shoshone

Native American people of the Great Basin region (modern-day Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming).

Lived in an arid, harsh environment → relied on a mobile lifestyle

Practiced hunting, gathering, fishing, and some limited farming where possible

Lived in small bands, moved seasonally to follow resources (like bison, fish, roots)

After acquiring horses (post-1700), some shifted toward bison hunting on the Plains

SPECIFICITY: Ute

Native people of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region (modern-day Utah, Colorado, New Mexico).

Lived in arid and mountainous areas → developed a highly mobile lifestyle

Practiced hunting, gathering, and some fishing

After horses arrived, became skilled horsemen, used for bison hunting, trade, and warfare

Traveled in small bands, used tipis for mobility

NE

• , (presday) Cali: hunter gatherer, some area develop settled community ←supported by ocean resource

SPECIFICITY: delaware/lenape

Practiced mixed economy:

Agriculture: grew corn, beans, squash (Three Sisters)

Hunting, fishing, gathering for seasonal food

Lived in permanent villages with longhouses or wigwams

Known for strong kinship ties, diplomacy, and trade

Among the first tribes to encounter Dutch and English settlers

SPECIFICITY: secotan

Native American group of the Algonquian-speaking peoples in the coastal region of North Carolina (Eastern Woodlands).

Practiced a mixed economy:

Agriculture: grew corn, beans, squash

Hunted, fished, and gathered seasonally

Lived in permanent villages with longhouses and cultivated fields

Observed by English colonists during Roanoke expeditions (1580s)

SPECIFICITY: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)

Powerful alliance of five (later six) Native nations in the Northeast Woodlands (modern New York):
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca (later Tuscarora added in 1722)

Practiced a mixed economy:

Agriculture (corn, beans, squash)

Hunting, gathering, fishing

Lived in longhouses in permanent villages

Had a matrilineal society and strong clan structure

Created the Great Law of Peace: early form of representative government

Played major role in colonial diplomacy by strategically allying with or opposing Europeans

NW

• (presday) Cali: hunter gatherer, some area develop settled community ←supported by ocean resource

SPECIFICITY: Aleuts

Native people of the Aleutian Islands and coastal Alaska (Northwest Pacific Coast).

Lived in harsh, cold coastal environments

Practiced hunting, fishing, gathering

Relied heavily on marine life: seals, sea otters, whales, fish

Built semi-subterranean homes (barabaras) for warmth

Skilled in seafaring, kayak use, and harpoon hunting

Had complex social structures and spiritual beliefs tied to nature

Later subjected to Russian colonization and forced labor in fur trade

SPECIFICITY: chinook

Native people of the Pacific Northwest Coast (modern-day Washington, Oregon along the Columbia River).

Lived in a resource-rich environment → supported semi-permanent villages

Practiced fishing, hunting, gathering (especially salmon, berries, and game)

Built large plank houses from cedar wood

Known for totem poles, complex social hierarchies, and elaborate trade networks

Expert canoe builders and traders—central in regional commerce

SPECIFICITY: tlingit

Native people of the Pacific Northwest Coast (modern-day southeast Alaska and parts of British Columbia).

Lived in coastal forests and islands with abundant ocean and river resources

Practiced hunting, fishing, gathering (especially salmon, seal, shellfish, berries)

Lived in large cedar plank houses with clan-based social structure

Known for totem poles, oral traditions, and potlatch ceremonies (ritual gift-giving)

Expert carvers, weavers, and canoe builders

Maintained trade networks and defended territories against outsiders