water : (geo. paper 2) !

what is water deficit?

not having enough water, leading to water insecurity

what is water surplus?

having too much water

what is water insecurity?

not having enough water for everyone

what is water stress?

when water demand exceeds the supply

what does water security depend on?

access and demand

how does population affect water demand?

more people need water and food (produced by agriculture)

how does industrialisation affect water security?

more goods are developed (manufacturing requires water)

how does energy production affect water demand?

energy requires water - 50 billion litres globally per year

how does rising living standards affect water demand?

more development means more people are wealthy and can afford domestic machinery

where does water insecurity usually occur?

areas with low rainfall and high population density

where does water security usually occur?

areas with high rainfall and low population density

where does water stress typically occur?

areas of high population density (central Asia)

what are some human causes of water insecurity?

over abstraction, climate change, pollution

what is over abstraction?

more water is being used than replaced

how does pollution cause water insecurity?

farmers use pesticides, making water undrinkable

how does climate cause water insecurity?

higher temperatures = higher rates of evaporation

what are some other reasons for water insecurity?

geology and poverty

how does poverty cause water insecurity?

governments can’t afford safe and clean water infrastructure

how does geology cause water insecurity?

permeable rock causes water to be soaked and trapped in ground so it cannot be accessed in rivers

what is an impact of water insecurity? (costs)

water is more scarce so it will cost more to access, which will affect manufacturers

what is an impact of water insecurity? (products)

less productivity as livestock quality decreases and less crops

what is an impact of water insecurity? (disease)

more waterborne disease because river flow can’t flush away river pollutants and they infect humans

what is an impact of water insecurity? (conflict)

water becomes scarce so people fight for access to the resource (ex. River Jordan, Israel vs Jordan)

what are the methods of increasing water supply?

dams/reservoirs, desalination, water transfer, water diversion

what does desalination do?

remove salt from water so it can be used as freshwater

what does water transferring do?

moves water from areas of water surplus to areas of water deficit

what do dams and reservoirs do?

control flow of water so that water is conserved and saved

what are pros of dams?

large-scale and can be used for irrigation

what are cons of dams?

expensive (27 billion$), cause algae build up (kill fish), lose water through evaporation and displaces people and take long to build

pros of desalination?

increases water supply

cons of desalination?

process is expensive (lots of technology), requires lots of energy, waste dumped into sea

pros of water transfer?

can be used for irrigation, large scale

cons of water transfer?

expensive, encourages over-abstraction, complicated design, causes waste (pollution)

what is water conservation?

using less water

what are some ways of encouraging water conservation?

fix leaks, buy efficient washing machines, educate the people to save water, using drip pipes (only exact number of water used)

how is 20% of water wasted in UK

leaks

whats an example of educating people to use less water?

Save the Drop

what is groundwater management?

managing the water basically

how do you manage groundwater?

monitor how much water is being abstracted, preventing pollution and international agreements

how do international agreements help?

prevent countries from taking unsustainable amount of water

how preventing pollution help?

fining farmers prevents them using pesticides which make water unusable

what is recycling?

reusing water

how can recycling water be done?

treating water from homes

what is recycled water used for?

irrigation, toilets, power plants, industry

how does recycling water help?

less water needs extracting to meet demands