Chapter 10 & 11: Mitosis & Meiosis

Asexual reproduction

A single organism produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself

Binary fission

Type of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

• How prokaryotic cells reproduce (bacteria)

Bivalent set

Connected homologous chromosomes, forming a unit of four DNA molecules

Centromere

Where the microtubules of the spindle attach through the kinetochore during cell division

Chromatid

One of the 2 identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

Chromosome

Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Crossing over

Diploid

Fertilization

G0 Phase

G1 phase

Cell grows in size and prepares for DNA synthesis

S Checkpoint

Checkpoint if cell is large enough, has enough energy, nutrients and replication enzymes, and external social signals from other cells

G2 phase

Cell grows in size and prepares for division

M Checkpoint

Checkpoint to check is DNA has replicated correctly, has correct number of chromosomes/sister chromatids and enough energy, spindle proteins and organelles

Gamete

Mature haploid cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to make a zygote

Haploid

Cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes

Paired chromosomes in a cell where one chromosome is inherited from each parent

Independent assortment

Alleles of two of more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

Interphase

Resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell or between the first and second divisions of meiosis

Karyotype

Number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism

Kinetochore

Complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during division where the microtubules of the spindle attach

M phase

Where a cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells (follows interphase)

Meiosis

Cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

Microtubules

Microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells

Mitosis

Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

Ploidy

Number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

Phases of meiosis

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokinesis

Phases of mitosis

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

S phase

DNA synthesis phase (cell copies it DNA)

Sexual reproduction

Production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types

Sister chromatid pair

The identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome with both copies joined together by a common centromere

Somatic

Any cell that is not a reproductive cell (any cell forming the body of multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell)

Spindle apparatus

Cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells

Spindle checkpoint

An active signal produced by improperly attached kinetochores

Zygote

Fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete with a male gamete