ADV BIO (anatomy, anatomical regions, body cavities, systems in the body, skeletal system, 2 divisions in skeletal system)

anatomy

- study of the structure and organization of the human body

anatomical regions

- The human body can be divided into several regions, each serving specific functions and housing vital organs

head

- uppermost part of the body and houses the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.

- It is connected to the neck, which supports the head and allows for movements like nodding and turning.

thorax

- located between the neck and the abdomen, protected by the ribcage.

- It contains important organslike the heart and lungs, vital for respiration and circulation

abdomen

- the region between the thorax and the pelvis.

- It contains various organs, including the stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, involved in digestion and waste

upper limbs

- This include the arms extending from the shoulders to the hands, and contain structures like bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

lower limbs

- comprise the legs, and feet, supporting body weight and facilitating movement

body cavities

- The human body contains several cavities that house and protect internal organs.

- Understanding these cavities is crucial for healthcare professionals and diagnostic procedures.

cranial cavity

- Located within the skull, this cavity houses the brain, protecting it from external trauma and providing a secure

environment.

thoracic cavity

- Enclosed by rib cage, the this cavity houses the heart and lungs.

- A thin, double-layered membrane called pleura lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.

abdominopelvic cavity

- This large cavity is divided into two portions: the upper abdominal cavity and the lower abdominal

cavity.

- The abdominal cavity houses organs like the stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines, while the pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder and rectum

spinal (vertebrae) cavity

- runs along the length of the vertebral column and protects the spinal cord, which is crucial part of the central nervous system.

nervous system

- responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, allowing communication between different organs and coordinating voluntary and involuntary actions.

- It comprises the brain, spinal

cord, and nerves.

respiratory system

- facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

- It includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm

circulatory system

- known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body.

- It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

digestive system

- processes food and absorbs nutrients, essential for providing energy and

- It consists of organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and liver

musculoskeletal system

- system provides structure, support, and movement to the body

- It includes bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

urinary system

- filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body through urine.

- It comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

reproductive system

- this system is responsible for procreation and passing on genetic material to the next generation.

- It includes the male and female reproductive organs

skeletal system

- provides structural support, protection to internal organs, and facilitates movement.

- It consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

- Bones store minerals and produce blood cells in the bone marrow.

integumentary system

- the body's outermost layer, including the skin, hair, and nails.

- It protects the body from external elements, regulates temperature, and contain sensory receptors.

lymphatic system

- plays a vital role in immunity and fluid balance.

- It includes lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphatic organs like the spleen and thymus.

- The system helps remove waste, toxins, and foreign substances from the body and aids in fighting infections

endocrine system

- is a collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

- These hormones regulate various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response

immune system

- responsible for defending the body against harmful

pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

- It consists of specialized cells, tissues, and organs like white blood cells, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, working together to identify and destroy foreign invaders while distinguishing them from the body's own cells

skeleton

- supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides site for blood cell formation.

- There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton

axial skeleton

- supports the central axis of the body. Consists of the skull, the vertebral column, sternum, and the rib cage.

skull

- 8 bones

vertebral column

- has 26 vertebrae with intervertebral disk between each vertebrae

spinal column

- protects the spinal cord

invertebral disk

- serve as shock absorbers between each vertebrae

costae/ribs

- Composed of 24 ribs

- 7 pairs of true ribs and 5 pairs of false ribs (2 of which are floating ribs)

- Humans have 12 pairs of these.

- responsible for Hematopoiesis (production of blood)

true ribs

- The first seven pairs are attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages

false ribs

- The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs—false ribs—do not join the sternum directly but are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage

appendicular skeleton

- consists of the extremities of the body e.g. shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones.

shoulder girdle

- comprised of 4 bones, 2 clavicles (collar bones) and 2 scapulas (shoulder bones)

arm

- comprised of 3 bones: Humerus (upper arm), Radius, & Ulna (lower arm bones)

wrist bones

- have 8 carpels

handbones (palm)

- 5 metacarpals

finger bones (fingers & thumbs)

- 14 phalanges

pelvic girdle

- structure to which the leg bones are attached

femur (thigh bone)

- upper leg bones

patella

- knee cap

tibia (shin bone)

- lower leg bones

fibula

- the thin leg bone beside tibia

lower leg bones

- Ankle Bones (7 Tarsals)

5 Metatarsals

Toes (14 phalanges)

Heel Bones (Calcaneus)