PSY 361 EXAM ONE

relatively permanent changes in behavior, thinking of emotions over time

development

exposure to continue risks that increase overtime and spread to other areas of development

developmental cascade

factors within the child or the environment that protect against risk or lessen the impact of risk factors

resilience

experimented imprinting - baby geese, made an experiment where he made himself seen as the geese’s mother - the geese would follow him around - showing attachment theory

Konrad Lorenz

attachment in human beings is a complex system of behavior involving the caregiver and child, which evolved to maximize the survival of babies

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

influenced the field of developmental science more than any other individual - “stage” theorist

Jean Piaget

regular sequence of moto and speech development found in children due to maturation of the brain and body

Nature v Nurture

biology and genetics

nature

environmental factors

nurture

theories tend to fall on a continuum between an emphasis on continuous change

discontinuous changes/stages

growth is gradual, cumulative and smooth process

continuous changes/stages

growth is distinct, gradual and non-overlapping stages

discontinuous changes/stages

classically conditioning a child to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud, frightening noise, causing the fear to generalize to other furry objects

little albert experiment

social cultural theory: biological & learning

Biological: historical and cultural factors influence cognitive development

Learning takes place in social contexts, where more expert members of societies with children

vygotsky

development influenced by components that interact over time

developmental systems theories

constant interplay of multiple factors, conceptualize development in terms of interacting influences that continuously change over time

dynamic systems theories

researchers record children’s behavior in their natural environments

naturalistic observation

a self-reporting method, where an individual self-reports their answers to questions

questionnaires

consistency - consistent results overtime

reliability

accuracy - how accurate is the test/results

validity

relationship between variables - positive/negative correlations

correlation studies

investigation of an individual, group, event to analyze behaviors, mental processes and unique/rare conditions

case studies

cross-sectional research