UAB bio 124 lab exam 2

General Characteristics of animals

- Eukaryotic

- Heterotrophic

- Carbs stored as Glycogen

- Sexual reproduction (some asexual through budding, fragmentation, or parthogenesis)

- No cell walls

Phylum characteristics

- Body plan: sac vs tube-in-tube

- Type of symmetry: Asymmetry vs Radial vs Bilateral

- Germ layers: Diploblastic vs Triploblastic

- Body cavity: Acoelomate vs pseudocoelomate vs coelomate

- Segmentation: yes vs no

Subkingdoms

- Parazoa

- Eumetazoa

Parazoa characteristics

- no tissues or organ systems

- sac body

- asymmetrical

- hermaphroditic (asexual or sexual)

- ciliated larvae

- filter feeder (choanocytes use flagella)

- amoebocytes

Phylums under Subkingdom Parazoa

Porifera

What is the common name for Phylum Porifera?

Sponges

Porifera characteristics

- amoebocytes produce spicules that define the class

Classes under Phylum Porifera

- Calcarea: calcium carbonate

- Hexactinellide: silica

- Desmospongia: spongin

Phylums under Subkingdom Eumetazoa

- Cnidaria

- Cnetophore

- Platyhelminthes

- Rotifera

- Nematoda

- Nemertea

- Mollusca

- Annelida

- Arthropoda

- Echinodermata

- Hemichodata

- Chordates

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

- definite tissues (jelly-like layer between epidermis and gastrodermis)

- radial symmetry

- nerve nets

- gastrovascular cavity

- cnidocytes contained nematocysts

- poylp and medusa stage

- diploblastic

- sexual and asexual reproduction (simultaneous hermaphrodites)

Classes under Phylum Cnidaria

- Hydrozoa (hydra)

- Scyphozoa (true jellies)

- Cubozoa (box jellies)

- Anthrozoa (corals and sea anemones)

Class Hydrozoa

- Obelia (typical, colonial form)

- Medusa (main stage, sexual reproduction)

- Larvae are called Planula

Class Scyphozoa

- comes from word "skyphos" a type of drinking cup

- true jellies

- medusa is dominant phase

Class Cubozoa

- box jellies and sea wasps

- Chironex fleckeri: deadliest organism off North Australia, eaten by sea turtles

Class Anthozoa

- polyp is only present stage

- corals and sea anemones

- symbotic relationship with algae (zooxanthellae)

Phylum Cnetophore

- comb jellies (8 "comb" rows)

- radial symmetry

- largest animal to use cilia for locomotion

- diploblastic

Difference between Protostomes and Deuterostomes?

Protostomes: blastopore -> mouth

Deuterostomes: blastopore -> anus

What is the common name of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

Flatworms

Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

- branched gastrovascular system

- extra/intracellular digestion

- no circulatory or respiratory system

- flame cells: remove waste through filtration

- triploblastic

- nerve cords with ganglia

- sac body

- dorsal-ventrally flattened

- acoelomates

- protostomes

Classes under Phylum Platyhelminthes

- Turbellaria (Planaria)

- Trematoda (flukes)

- Cestoda (tapeworms)

Acoelomates

- Platyhelminthes

Characteristics of Class Turbellaria

- mostly free living

- have "eyespots": light sensitive regions allowing the worm to respond to light

- capable of primitive learning

- Example: Planaria

Characteristics of Class Trematoda

- all are parasites on vertebrates

- complex life cycles

Characteristics of Class Cestoda

- Scolex: head region that contains hooks and suckers

- Proglottids: repeating "packages" of reproductive organs

- Example: Taenia pisiformis

Pseudocoelomates

- Rotifera

- Nematoda

Characteristics of Phylum Rotifera

- has a crown with "wheels"

- all have the same number of cells that cannot be replaced

- Mastax: grinding organ

- Parthenogenesis: "partheno" meaning "vigin" and "genesis" meaning "birth"

- fresh, marine, terrestrial

- bilateral

- tube-in-tube

Common name of Phylum Rotifera

- rotifers

- wheel animals

Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

- Hydrostatic skeleton

- Tube-in-tube

- some cause elephantitis (fillaria)

- Example: Trichinella spiralis

Common names of Phylum Nematoda

- roundworms

- hookworms

- pinworms

- filaria worms

Coelomates

- Nemertea

- Mollusca

- Annelida

- Arthropoda

- Echinodermata

- Hemichordata

- Chordata

Characteristics of Phylum Nemertea

- organs present

- triploblast

- 1-way digestive system

- simple circulatory system

- tube-in-tube

Common names of Phylum Nemertea

- proboscis worm

- ribbon worm

Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

- Mantle: fold of tissue that covers visceral mass

- Visceral mass: contains major organ systems

- Calcium carbonate shell

- Rapula: converyer belt of teeth, used for scraping

- Muscular foot: movement

- tube-in-tube

- most have seperate sexes

Classes under Phylum Mollusca

- Polyplacophora

- Gastropoda

- Bivalvia

- Scaphopoda

- Cephalopoda

Characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

- segmented shells

- found in intertidal zones

- radula used to scrape algae

Common name of Class Polyplacophora

Chiton

Characteristics of Class Gastropoda

- highly vascularized mantles in terrestrial forms

- organs perform 180 twist

Common names of Class Gastropoda

- snails

- whelks

- slugs

- nudibranchs

Characteristics of Class Bivalvia

- filter feeder (no radula)

- shells divided in half

Common names of Class Bivalvia

- clams

- oysters

- scallops

- mussels

Common name of Class Scaphopoda

tooth shells

Characteristics of Class Cephalopoda

- siphon: "foot", rapidly pushes water out

- closed circulatory system

- complex behavior/learning

- camera eye (covergent evolution)

Common names of Class Cephalopoda

- octopus: shell absent, 8 appendages, round head

- squid: reduced shell, 10 appendages, triangular head

- nautilus: coiled shell

Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

- each segment has a distinct organ

- closed circulatory system

- hydrostatic

- tube-in-tube

Common name of Phylum Annelida

segmented worms

Classes under Phylum Annelida (and grouping)

- Oligochaeta

- Polychaeta

- Hirudinea

Grouping

- Onychophora

Characteristics of Class Oligochaeta

- improves soil texture

- hermaphroditic

Common name of Class Oligochaeta

earthworms

Characteristics of Class Polychaeta

- Parapodia: highly vascularized paired appendages that are used for locomotion and gas exchange

- Example: Bobbit worm

Common names of Class Polychaeta

- fan worms

- marine worms

Characteristics of Class Hirudinea

- most are parasidic

- some are carnivorous

- suckers on both ends

- most freshwater

- feed on blood (secrete anesthetic and hirudin)

Common name of Class Hirudinea

leeches

Grouping Onychophora

- velvet worms

- characteristics of annelids and arthropods

- Example: Peripatus

Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

- jointed appendages

- modified legs (feeding, swimming, copulation, defense)

- chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)

- fused segments

- open circulatory system (Hemocoel containing hemolymph)

- respiration

- internal fertilization

- separate sexes

- tube-in-tube

What does a chitin exoskeleton allow?

attachment of muscles

Subphylums under Phylum Arthropoda

- Trilobitomorpha

- Cheliceriformes

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

- trilobites

- all extinct

Classes under Subphylum Cheliceriformes

- Merostomata

- Pyrnogonida

- Arachnida

Characteristics of Subphylum Cheliceriformes

- anterior cephalothorax followed by abdomen

- 6 pairs of appendages

- no antennae (most have single lens eyes)

Types of appendages in Subphylum Cheliceriformes

- Chelicerae: claw mouth

- Pedipalps: used in feeding, similar to hands

- Walking: on cephalothorax

Class Merostomata

- horseshoe crabs

- "living fossils"

Class Pyrnogonida

sea spiders

Class Archnida

- spiders

- ticks

- mites

- harvestmen

- scorpions

- have book lungs

Characteristics of Subphylum Myriapoda

- mandibles: modified front legs

- 1-2 pairs of antennae along with compound eyes

- all are terrestrial

Classes under Subphylum Myriapoda

- Chilopoda

- Diplopoda

Class Chilopoda

- centipedes

- carnivorous

- 1 pair of leg per segment

- poison claws on first segment

Class Diplopoda

- millipedes

- herbavores

- 2 pairs of lets per segment

Characteristics of Subphylum Hexapoda

- 3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen

- modified mouthparts

- 6 legs

- usually two legs

- mostly terrestrial

Classes under Subphylum Hexapoda

Insecta

Characteristics of Class Insecta

- mandibles

1-2 pairs of antennae and compound eye

- cretaceous era

- legs and wings on thorax

- mating structures on abdomen

- tracheal tubes

Types of metamorphosis

- Incomplete: egg -> nymph -> adult

- Complete: egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult

Orders under Class Insecta

- Coleoptera

- Hymnenoptera

- Lepidoptera

- Diptea

- Orthoptera

- Isoptera

- Siphonaptera

- Homoptera

- Blattodea

- Phasmatodea

- Phthiraptera

What type of bug are Coleoptera?

beetles and weevils (think cleopatra and egypt!)

What type of bug are Hymnenoptera?

ants, bees, wasps, hornets (its a hymn!)

What type of bug are Hemiptera?

"true" bugs, assassin and bed bugs

What type of bug are Lepidoptera?

butterflies and moths ("lepido" = scales, "ptera" = wings)

What type of bug are Diptera?

true flies and mosquitos (they "dip" easily)

What type of bug are Orthoptera?

grasshoppers, crickets, and katydid

What type of bug are Isoptera?

termites

What type of bug are Homoptera?

cicadas and aphids (gay people love cicadas)

What type of bug are Blattodea?

cockroaches

What type of bug are Phasmatodea?

stickbugs

What type of bug are Phthiraptera?

lice

Characteristics of Subphylum Crustacea

- body is two or three parts

- antennae

- chewing mouthparts

- 3 or more pairs of legs

- mostly marine

- appendages on abdomen

Common names of Subphylum Crustacea

- crabs

- lobsters

- shrimp

- sow bug

- krill

- barnacles

- crayfish

- Daphnia

Characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata

- water vascular system

- usually have tube feet

- nerve ring

- ossicles: calcium endoskeleton

- regeneration

Classes under Phylum Echinodermata

- Asteroidea

- Ophiuroidea

- Echinoide

- Holothuroidea

- Crinoidea

Characteristics of Class Asteroidea

- sea stars

- madreporite: controls water going in and out of the body, keeps the shape

Characteristics of Class Ophiuroidea

- brittle stars

- no tube feet

- "ophi" = snake, "uro" = tail

Characteristics of Class Echinodoide

- Regular: Sea Urchins

- Irregular: Sand dollars

Characteristics of Class Holothuroidea

- sea cucumbers

- defense through evisceration

- 5 rows of tube feet

Characteristics of Class Crinoidea

- feather stars

- sea lilies

- most primitive

- mouth point up

Characteristics of Phylum Hemichordata

- acorn worms

- gills

- nerve cord (chordate traits)

Characteristics of Phylum Chordata

- pharyngeal cleft/slit

- notochord

- post-anal tail

- nerve cord

Characteristics of Subphylum Craniata

neotany/paedomorphosis: retention of juvenile traits into adult life

Classes under Subphylum Craniata

- Myxini

- Cephalospidomorphi

- Placodermi

- Chodrichthyes

- Osteichthyes

- Amphibia

- Reptilia

- Mammalia

Characteristics of Class Myxini

- feed on detritus

- 2 chambered heart

- cartilagenous skeleton

Myxini common name

hagfish

Characteristics of Class Cephalospidomorphi

- parasitic

- carti. skeleton (no collagen)

- 2 cham. hrt

- gill slits

Cephalospidomorphi common name

lamprey