Biol 112 Tamu Exam 3 Master copy

Chlorophytes, Charophytes & Plantae share

* multicellularity
* cell walls with cellulose
* chloroplasts with the same pigments (chlorophyll. a & b)
* storage molecule is starch

Charophytes share with Planta

* similar flagellated sperm (liverworts)


* cellulose synthesis proteins (rings)


* cytokinesis process (cell plate formation)
* Sporopollen

Sporopollen

polymer that protects:

– zygotes = charophytes

– spores = seedless plants

–pollen grains = seed plants

Green algae Growth

Pros:

* more resources; less competition
* \[CO2 \] higher, light intensity higher

Cons:

* Desiccation
* divided resources (air vs. land)
* no “support” in air

Derived characteristics of Plants

1. Alternation of Generations
2. Walled haploid spores
3. Multicellular gametangia
4. Sporophyte embryos grow protected within female gametophyte
5. Apical Meristems
6. Waxy cuticle
7. Secondary compounds
8. Mycorrhizae

Alternation of Generations in Plants

multicells undergo meiosis → produces more unique spores

where charophytes meiosis → only 4 offspring

Walled Haploid spores

Spores protected but sporopollenin

Multicellular gametangia (What are they and what they contain?)

Sperm protected by Antheridium (Ant will get rid of em)

Eggs protected by Arch**eg(g)**onium (Also where fertilization happens)

Make haploid cells

Sporophyte embryos grow protected within female gametophyte

Embryos are fed and protected by the Archeggonium

Apical Meristems

A bunch of cells always dividing at the “apex” or tips of plants

Roots and shoots grow

Waxy cuticle

Helps stop the loss of water as gas

Exchange of gases controlled by stomata

Secondary compounds

chemicals hinder competitors, herbivores, & parasites

Mycorrhizae

Fungi helps absorb water and minerals

Around before actual roots

Diversification of Plants

1. Bryophytes (Nonvascular Plants)


2. Seedless Vascular Plants
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms

Bryophytes (Nonvascular Plants)

1. (Phylum) Hepatophyta- Liverworts
2. Bryophyta-Mosses
3. Anthocerophyta- Hornworts

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Hepatophyta

\- Liverworts

Bryophyta

\-Mosses

Anthocerophyta

\-Hornworts

Bryophytes Characteristics

1. Haploid gametophyte = dominant form
2. Eggs & Flagellated sperm
3. No Vascular Tissue (uses diffusion)
4. Rhizoids used for attachment
5. Sporangium makes many haploid spores

“Moss Life cycle”

Peristome→ spores→ Protonema →

either male or female **gametophyte (**gametophore**) →**

**Antheridium sperm carried by water → Archegonium→**

Fertilization→ Sporangium (seta)→ peristome

Bryophytes Ecological Importance

Pioneer species in poor soils

Primary producers in high/cold regions

Seedless Vascular Plants

Lycophyta(Relict group): Lycophytes

Monilophyta: Monilophytes

Lycophytes

– club & spike moss

Monilophytes

–Whisk ferns (Psilotum)

–Horsetails (Equisetum)

–Ferns (large megaphylls, sori underside,

Seedless Vascular Plants Characteristics

1. More sporangium then Bryophytes
2. Vascular tissue = Taller sporophytes
3. Sporophyte becomes a dominant part (Doesn’t rely on Gametophyte for food)
4. Roots evolved from misgrown stems?
5. **Microphylls**: single vein Leaves evolve from branched stems


1. **Megaphylls**: branched veins
6. Sporangia → Leaves = Sporophylls


1. sori = clusters of sporangia on sporophylls (Think Balls)
2. strobilus = cone-like group of sporophylls (Think Corn)

Success of Seedless Vascular Plants led to

Increased O2 levels, more food for herbivories, helped land animals

Phloem

moves sugars & organic products

Xylem

carries water & minerals

Seed Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Seed Plants Characteristics

* Reduced & Retained Gametophytes


* Ovules


* Pollen


* Seed

Reduced & Retained Gametophytes

Heterosporous(in Seed plants)

“produces both types of spores”

Megaspores →Female Gametophyte

Microspores → Male Gametophyte

(mature in the sporangia)

Ovule in Seed plants

the megasporangium with retained megaspore

Pollen

* microspores retained; mature into pollen grains while within microsporangium


* pollen grains = mature male gametophytes (2-3 cells) in sporopollenin

Pollination

Pollen travels, lands on megasporangium(2n) and asks megaspore(n) for permission to enter

Pollen tube is formed towards megaspore

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Seed (2n)

Fertilized ovule(pollination has occurred) = Seed

Has all the food and water protection to further spread the organism

Can grow underground with nutrients and/or wait to good conditions to grow

Sporangium

A space where asexual spores are formed

Gymnosperms

Ginkgophyta

Cycadophyta

Gnetophyta

Coniferophyta

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Ginkgos

Fleshy seeds

flagellated sperm

Phylum Cycadophyta

cycads

fern-like fronds radiate from a central stem

flagellated sperm

Phylum Gnetophyta

Gnetophytes

Fe/Male Strobili, sperm can’t move

Phylum Coniferophyta

Conifers

Most diverse gymnosperm

–male pollen cone, Sperm can’t move, Female Ovulate cone

Evergreen, High places

Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta)

Monocots

Eudicots

Magnoliids

Basal Angiosperms: Amborella • Water Lilies • Star anise & relatives

Monocots

Mature seed has alot of endosperm leftover

only 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)

Parallel veins

Scattered Vascular Tissue

Fibrous root system (no main root)

Flowers in multiples of 3

Ex: Corn, wheat, rice, Coconut, Onion

Eudicots

Endosperm usually absorbed completely

2 cotyledons

Net-like veins

Ring-like Vascular Tissue

Tap root (Main root) present

Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

Ex: Most veggies/fruits and trees/eudicots

Angiosperms Characteristics

Flower

Fruit

Flower

protects ovules within ovary

promotes efficient pollen transfer, especially by animal pollinators

Fruit

enhances seed dispersal

protects dormant seed

Stamen

Anther (tip)

Filament (string on the flowers)

Carpel

Stigma (place to accept pollen)

Style (The length of the pollen-accepting tube)

Ovary (The place with the egg)

Wind-Pollinated

no petals are necessary

Infloroscence

A bunch of grouped flowers that spread at the tip of the plant rather than ending

Pollinator Loyalty

Plants shifted from giving pollen (expensive) as reward to giving nectar (cheap but effective)

Dry fruits

Fruits that don’t have a fleshy outer layer (pericarp)

Spread by wind, air, animals, “throwing themselves”

Protect dormant seeds

Double Fertilization

2 sperm cells enter → One fuses with egg forming 2n zygote (think normal fertilization)

Other sperm (n) fuses with the 2 central nuclei(2n) which makes endosperm (3n) which is food supply for seed

(Think as this one sperm taking one for the team and getting the ugly friend in order to support his buddy)

Multicellular Eukaryotes have

Differentiated cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Features of Animal Kingdom

No cell walls

Collagen in protein-rich ECM (Extracellular Membrane) binds cells together

* Nerve system/ response
* Sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron →muscle
* Integrated organ systems
* Ingestive heterotrophs (gotta eat)
* Sexual Reproduction in most
* Diploid life except when egg and sperm

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Hermaphroditic

Both Male and Female gametes present

Parthenogenesis

Virgin females produce eggs that develop into offspring (Asexual but no sperm fertilizes so DNA is similar to mother)

“Hox” genes

Genes that control the growth and development of an embryo

Embryonic Development

Zygote(2 cells together)→ Cleavage( 8 cells)→ Blastula (a full formed ball of cells)→ Gastrulation → Gastrula

Gastrulation

The process when the Blastula invaginates into itself

Archenteron

The most center space in the center of the embryonic layers

Blastopore

The opening formed from the ball of cell caving in on itself

Which group is closest protist group to animals?

Choanoflagellates are closest protist group to animals

Timeline of animals

Proterozoic→ Paleozoic Era→ Later Paleozoic Era→ Mesozoic Era→ Cenozoic Era

Proterozoic Era

Oldest known animals,

all soft-bodied

Paleozoic Era

“Cambrian Explosion”

Dramatic diversification of animals

1st shells

Later Paleozoic Era

Vertebrate Fishes dominate the oceans but begin to move onto land

Arthopods dominate lands

Mesozoic Era

Dinosaurs

When birds/mammals become more present

Cenozoic Era

Modern day animals

Radial Symmetry

The same all the way around: 360 degrees

Usually doesn’t move or free-floating

Bilateral Symmetry

Usually has a head (Cephalization)

Divides in 2 easily

Dorsal

on top of the organism

Ventral

Below the organism

Anterior

“At the head” (Anthony has a big ass head)

Posterior

“Back of the Butt”

Diploblastic

Having two germ layers

(Endo and ectoderm)

Triploblastic

Having 3 germ layers

(endo, meso and ectoderm)

True Coelomates

Coelom (body cavity) is filled around by the mesoderm

Pseudocoelomates

Mesoderm and endoderm don’t touch (There is a gap between the two

Acoelomates

No coelom (body cavity/gaps) between the mesoderm and endoderm

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Protostomes Development

Blastopore (opening in the gastrula) becomes the mouth first

cleavage is spiral (Expands in a circle) & determinate (Each cell’s fate is predetermined)

Deuterostome development

blastopore of gastrula becomes adult anus first (2nd hole is mouth)

cleavage is radial (expands upwards) & indeterminate (any early cell can be it’s own organism)

Torpor

Low activity and metabolism drastically decreases

Hibernation

“long-term torpor”

Summer Torpor

“Estivation”

Regulator

Uses it’s own body to change when temperature changes (Ex: Humans)

Conformer

Allows it’s body temperature to change with the weather

Homeostasis

Usually maintained by a negative feedback which gets it back to a set point

Acclimatization

The homeostasis of an organism can adjust to different enviroments

Proferia

Sponges

Phylum Proferia

Aquatic Intracellular Lack true tissue Hermaphrodritic Lack Symmetry Flagellated Larvae Totipotent( cells can take any function) Sessile Adults

Where are gametes formed in Proferia?

Mesohyl

Choanocytes function in Proferia

Create currents to capture tiny bits of food(phagocytosis)

Ameobozans function in Proferia

Distribute food

Eumetazoans : Cnidaria

Sessile Polyps or Free swimming Medusa(Some cycle between both forms) Radial symmetry Sit and wait carnivores Sexual and/or Budding Diploblastic w/ gel in between tissue

Eumetozoans: Ctenophora

Radial Symmetry Diploblastic Transparent Medusa body 8 comb like plates fused Marine carnivores “Comb Jellies” Sticky thread to capture prey

Lophoarochozaons: Platyhelminthes

Flatworms Flat Triploblastic No body cavity(acoelomate) Bilateral Symmetry Simple nervous system Proteonephidria “kidneys”

Name the parts of the simple nervous system of Platyhelmithes

Gangila (simple brain) Ventral nerve cords Eyespots

What is the role of protonephridra

Act as a kidney in that they contain flame bulbs that remove excess water and waste