(US History) Semester 1 Exam

What were spinning parties?

Women would gather to make cloth so that they would not have to buy textiles from Britain

What happened: The Boston Massacre

-An angry mob gathered and around 50-60 colonist faced a small group of soldiers
-The colonists started yelling insults and throwing snowballs, rocks, oyster shells, and pieces of coal
-Most likely = A soldier slipped or was knocked down and his gun went off
-All heck broke loose and 3 colonists lay dead and 2 more died later
-Two soldiers were eventually convicted of manslaughter. These soldiers were branded on the hands and released.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

-The British were angry (The Boston Tea Party) and passed the Coercive Acts = four laws designed to punish Boston and strengthen British control
-The colonists called them the Intolerable Acts

What is: Republican Motherhood

-Proposed that American women could influence politics and society through their work in the home.

What was: The Articles of Confederation

-The first official government of the US

What was: The Northwest Ordinance

-(area) North of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River
-This act established a system of governing for this area which also contained the framework for this area to eventually be divided into states.
-(basically) A system for governing the Northwest Territory

What was Shays Rebellion?

-Daniel Shays (former Revolutionary War captain) led a rebellious mob from Massachusetts against the government
-They (1,200 men) tried to seize weapons from an armory but when artillery fired and killed 4 farmers they all fled
-The rebellion raised doubts against the government though, thinking changes may need to be made to the Articles of Confederation

Who is considered the father of the constitution?

James Madison

Who were the Federalists?

-Favored Ratification
-Typically merchants, planters, and lawyers
-Supported strong national government
-Believed it would provide stability and security against violent political unrest like Shay's Rebellion

Who were the Antifederalists?

-Didn't fully favor the constitution
-Feared a powerful national government

What were the Federalist Papers?

-The Federalists answered their critics in a series of 85 essays written by:
-John Hay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
-77 of the essays appeared in newspapers through the states
-The essays were later published in a book: The Federalists Papers

What were the Anti-Federalist Papers?

-The Anti-Federalists answered their critics in a series of essays.
-The essays were published and called: The Anti-Federalist Papers

What is the Bill of Rights?

-A document describing civil liberties that were promised to the citizens

What is a Delegated Power?

-Federal Government Power

What is a Reserved Power?

-A State Power

What is a Concurrent Power?

-Federal and State Power

What is Industrialization?

-The overall change in circumstances accompanying a society's movement of population and resources from farm production to manufacturing production and associated services.
-Basically the change from farming mostly to manufacturing

What is a Shift System?

-Produce at all hours of the day

Why was there no Job Security?

-Abundance of workers
-You could be easily replaced

Why was there no Minimum Wage?

-There was a race to the bottom
-People would fight over the job and would undercut their pay to employers

What is Ellis Island?

-East Coast Immigration Center

What is Angel Island?

-West Coast Immigration Center

What are Nativists?

-A movement favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?

-Prohibited all Chinese laborers from the US

What was The Pullman Village?

-The town, entirely company-owned, provided housing, markets, a library, churches and entertainment for the 6,000 company employees and their families.
-Employees were required to live in Pullman, despite cheaper rentals nearby.

What is Horizontal Integration?

-Acquiring other businesses that do the same thing (creating a monopoly)
-More on monopoly later...
-(ex) John D. Rockefeller
-He owned all oil refining businesses by controlling the rail roads
-He would give bad shipping rates to his competitors

Vertical Integration

-Controlling all areas of production
-(basically) controlling all areas of production from start to finish
-(ex) If you are building a car you would want to own the rubber plant for the tires, then the tire company, then the steel company, the refining company, and so on...

What is Economies of Scale?

-When your company becomes so large you are able to have an advantage by the sheer size, output, or scale of the operation (can you think of an example?)
-(ex) Costco (cheaper to buy in bulk)

What is Urbanization?

-An increasing number of an entire population lives in cities.

What were Tenements?

-Narrow four or five story buildings (no elevators) with few windows
-Limited plumbing and electricity
-Tiny rooms often packed with people
-Poorly constructed
-They were the main housing available in slums and ghettos

What is Vaudeville?

-Traveling variety entertainment

What is Progressivism?

-The principles and practices of those advocating progress, change, or reform, especially in political matters.

What is an Urban Reformer?

-Dedicated men and women of middle-class background moved into the slums and established settlement houses. They hoped to improve slum life through programs of self-help.

What is the Temperance Movement?

-A movement that tried to persuade others to limit alcohol consumption

Who was Lyman Beecher?

-(preacher) Was one of the bigger opponents of the temperance movement

Who was Emma Willard?

-Founded the Troy Female Seminary
-First college-level school for women (New York 1821)

Who was Horace Mann and Henry Barnard?

-Started a paper to bring information to the public about public education

Who was Mary Jane Patterson?

-Became the first African American woman to receive a bachelor's degree in the US

Who was Dorothea Dix?

-Was one of the most effective female reformers trying to help the mentally ill

What is Laissez-faire?

-(Let Do) It is generally understood to be a doctrine that maintains that private initiative and production are best allowed a minimal of economic interventionism and taxation by the state beyond what is necessary to maintain individual liberty, peace, security, and property rights.
-Basically calls for the government to let businesses operate without being hassled by the government

Who was Trust Buster and how did he get that name?

-Teddy Roosevelt
-He distrusted wealthy businessmen and dissolved forty monopolistic corporations

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

-Basically = You can't have one big company that controls all. If it gets too big it won't allow competition (they have the means to drive the little guy out of business)
-This law made it illegal by law to be in a monopoly.

What is a Union?

-An organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals like = wages, hours, and working conditions.

What is a Strike?

-Is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by employees to perform work.

What is a Scab?

-People who continue to work during strike action by trade unionists. The act of working during a strike is also known as crossing the picket line.

What is the Fair Labor Standards Act / Federal Wage and Hour Law

-Set work week - 44 hours
-Minimum wage of 25 cents per hour
-16 and over can work in non hazardous occupations
-18 minimum age for industries
-Children 14 & 15 could = non-manufacturing, non-mining, and non-hazardous occupations (outside of school hours)

Who was Lewis Hine?

-Dedicated his life to ending child labor
-He was a photographer who documented child labor to help bring awareness

What were Penitentiaries?

-Reformers argued criminals could be reformed and returned as productive citizens
-The institutions that would accomplish this rehabilitation were called = Penitentiaries

What is a Conservationist?

-One that practices or advocates conservation / preservation, especially of natural resources

What was the Antiquities Act?

-Allowed him to create national monuments without approval from congress. The act had provisions to keep historic structures safe as well

What is Imperialism?

-The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

What is an Economic Factor in relation to Imperialism?

-Increased industries (need for materials)...this led to the take over of places with natural resources that were needed

What is a Nationalism Factor in relation to Imperialism?

-Extend empires because they believe that their country is the best

What is a Military Factor in relation to Imperialism?

-Land is taken over because it is required for strategic places
-(to refuel and to have military presence)

What is a Humanitarian Factor in relation to Imperialism?

-Taking over because countries felt the need to spread religion and other western ideas to the rest of the world.

What is Xenophobia?

-Is a fear or contempt of foreigners

What is the White Man's Burden / Rudyard Kipling?

-A poem that was written about the Philippines
-How the US must take over to help the backwards people of the Philippines

Who was Commodore Matthew C. Perry?

-Sailed into Tokyo Bay, forcing Japan to start trading with the U.S.
-(opening up trade routes)

What role did Hawaii play in Imperialism?

-Hawaii could sell sugar in the U.S. duty free (no taxes)
-As long as they did not sell or lease territory to any foreign power

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

-Is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas.

What is Sphere of Influence?

-A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation

What is Social Darwinism?

-A theory arising in the late nineteenth century that the laws of evolution, which Charles Darwin had observed in nature, also apply to society. Social Darwinists argued that social progress resulted from conflicts in which the fittest or best adapted individuals, or entire societies, would prevail. It gave rise to the slogan "survival of the fittest."

Who was Valeriano Weyler?

-One of Spain's top generals
-Valeriano instituted "reconcentration" camps
-Forced 1,000s of Cubans into guarded camps (all ages

What is Yellow Journalism?

-Journalism based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration

What was the USS Maine?

-A US battleship sent to watch over American property in Cuba
-It blew up (That Spanish were blamed)

What was The de Lome Letter?

-A letter published by newspapers that was stolen from the Spanish ambassador that basically called President McKinley weak

Who was William Randolph Hearst?

-Editor of the New York Journal (Yellow Journalism)

Who was Theodore Roosevelt in relation to the Spanish American War?

-Assistant Secretary of the Navy
-Led the Rough Riders / Battle of San Juan Hill

What war was President McKinley the president for?

-Spanish American War

What role did the Philippines take in relation to?

-This land was valuable for trade purposes
-First battles of The Spanish American War occurred here
-The US received the land as a result of the Spanish American War (aftermath)

Who were the Rough Riders?

-The most well-known group of soldiers during the Spanish American War
-Led by Theodore Roosevelt
-Cowboys / Miners / Policemen / College Athletes

What was the battle of San Juan Hill?

-The famous battle / incident during the Spanish American War

What was The Treaty of Paris?

-The Treaty ended the Spanish American War

What does Unincorporated mean?

-Meant that these lands were not intended for eventual statehood

What was the Platt Amendment?

-Cuba government couldn't enter any foreign agreement, US could establish a naval base on the island

What was the Open Door Policy?

-Allowed for equal trade in China (initiated by the US)

What is the Panama Canal?

-A shorter route between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans
-A man made waterway

What was the Spooner Act?

-Allowed for the purchase of the rights to build the Panama Canal

Who was Gavrilo Princip?

-He was a member of The Black Hand and was directly responsible for the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

Who was the group: The Black Hand?

-The organization that plotted Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand's death

What countries were in the Triple Entente?

-WWI Alliance
-France / Russia / Great Britain

What countries were in the Triple Alliance?

-WWI Alliance
-Germany / Austria-Hungary / Italy

Why did the US want to be neutral at the start of WWI?

-Trading purposes

Who was the National Security League?

-A group of big businesses formed the group
-Setup to promote patriotic education and national sentiment and service among people of the US.
-By late summer 1915 = leaders had persuaded the government to set up army training camps
-Then by 1916 we were steadily increasing our armed forces

Who was the American Union Against Militarism?

-November 1915 a group of social reformers founded the group
-Activities included lobbying, publishing, a lecture campaign, and the establishment of a Civil Liberties Bureau.

What was the Lusitania?

-A British luxury liner sunk by U-20
-This helped to push the US to War (WWI)

What was the Sussex Pledge?

-Basically said that Germany would warn ships before attacking with u-boats
-When Germany stopped abiding by the Sussex Pledge they returned to unrestricted submarine warfare.

What was the Zimmermann Note / Telegram?

-Intercepted by the British and presented to the U.S.
-Arthur Zimmermann (Germany's foreign secretary)
-Made an offer to Mexico to declare war on the U.S.
-Germany would reward Mexico with land in the southwest
-Basically Said...
***We shall endeavor to keep the United States neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance...: Make war together, make peace together,...and...Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona***

When did the US enter WWI?

-April 6th, 1917

What was the Selective Service Act?

-Authorized the draft of young men for military service

What was the American Expeditionary Force?

-This was the name of the American forces that served in WWI

When did WWI end / cease fire? (date)

-November 11, 1918?

How many points did Woodrow Wilson come up with to keep the world from war again?

-14 Points

What was Woodrow Wilson's campaign slogan when he ran for office again in 1916?

-He kept us out of war

What was The Versailles Conference / The Treaty of Versailles?

-The official end of WWI was with the signing of this treaty

What was the League of Nations?

-A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. (League of Nations)
-One of Woodrow Wilson's 14 points
-The US never joined it
-We didn't like the military back up part

What was the War Guilt Clause?

-Basically it made Germany take the full blame for the war

What are Reparations?

-Payment for economic injury suffered during a war
-Germany to pay allies $33 billion
-Germany was in ruins (like everyone else) at the end of the war
-On top of that they had to pay

What was The Spanish Flu?

-1918 flu pandemic (The Spanish Flu)
-H1N1 influenza virus
-50 - 100 Million deaths (500 million infected)
-Mostly young, old, or already weakened

What was the Espionage Act / Sedition Act?

-Wartime law aimed at spies and people who opposed the war and government
-The Espionage Act was extended with The Sedition Act