FHD - childhood development

contains FHD topics language development, learning, intellectual development in childhood and adolescence

what is plaget’s stage theory

that child mental development proceeds through four key stages

what are the four key stages in stage theory

sensorimotor, pre-operations, concrete operations, formal operations

when does the sensorimotor stage occur

between the ages of 0-2

what occurs within the sensorimotor stage

infants think by doing, learn how actions cause effects, and begin to separate themselves from others

when does the pre-operations stage occur

between the ages of 2 to 7

what occurs in the pre-operations stage

there is no concept of conservation, perspective is no understood, high egocentricity in actions

when does the concrete operations stage occur

between the ages of 7 and 12

what occurs in the concrete operations stage

different perspectives can be understood, along with the recognition that thoughts are unique, conservation and reversibility are understood

when does the formal operations stage occur

from the age of 12

what occurs in the formal operation stage

abstract thinking develops and becomes multidimensional, logic can be deduced

what is Vygotsky’s theory

sociocultural theory

what is sociocultural theory

the idea that human learning is a social process, influenced by peers and mentors

how does sociocultural theory describe the stages of development

stages of development are fluid, so children may simultaneously be in different states 

how does sociocultural theory explain what occurs to egocentric speech

egocentric speech eventually becomes inner speech

what is the zone of proximal development

the distance between current problem solving capacity and its potential

what is bowlby’s attachment theory

secure attachment is vital to the development of cognitive abilities and provides a secure base

what is meant by the theory of mind

the ability of humans to attribute wishes and feelings to other humans

what occurs to the theory of mind with age

it becomes more sophisticated

what do impairments in the theory of mind suggest

neurodiversity or reflect development delay

what is meant by contagion in regards to the understanding of illness

that illness is cause by proximity to a person or particular objects

how is pain reported

via the gold standard measure

what is the biological process beginning the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary gondola axis and ending with the attainment of reproductive competence called

gondarche

what is the activation of the hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal axis known as

adrenarche

which often occurs first, gondarche or adrenarche

gondarche

what three things are grey matter involved in (relating to the development of the brain in adolescence)

muscle control, sensory precipitation, speech

what three things are white matter involved in (relating to the development of the brain in adolescence)

temp regulation, hormone release, heart rate

what is synaptic pruning

a decrease in grey matter in the brain

what is meant by adolescent egocentrism

the preoccupation of what other people think leading to extreme actions to prevent

what is meant by personal fable

the idea that all beliefs and feelings are entirely unique

when does role confusion occur

when an adolescent is incapable of putting together aspects of themselves 

how many stages are in kohlbergs theory of moral development

six stages

what is important about the six stages of moral development

they are invariant so stages cannot be skipped as each one builds on a prior one

what are the three types of learning modalities

classical conditioning, operant condition, observational learning 

what is classical conditioning 

when an association is formed between two stimuli, so that a previously neutral stimuli can trigger a response 

what is the unconditional response in classical conditioning

the reflex

what is the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning

the stimuli that elicits the reflex response 

what is meant by the neutral stimulus in classical conditioning

the stimulus that is paired with the unconditional stimulus in the conditioning phase

what is meant by the conditioned stimulus

the stimulus that becomes associated with a response

what is meant by the conditioned response

the response that is dependent on the conditioned stimulus

what is operant conditioning

where voluntary behaviors are modified via consequences

what is observational learning

watching a behavior, remembering, replicating and reinforcing

what type of role model is required for observational learning 

high status, similar, reliable and competent 

in terms of language development, what occurs at age 1

recognition of name, key words, simple instructions 

in terms of language development, what occurs at age 2

capability to make desires known, around 20 words in vocabulary 

in terms of language development what occurs at age 3

extended sentences can be formed, body parts can be identified, grammar and plural understanding, 450 words in vocabulary

in terms of language development, what occurs at age 4

knowledge of stories, last names, nursery rhymes, around 1000 words in their vocabulary

in terms of language development, what occurs at age 5

formation of questions, identification of colours and shapes

what are the three theories of language development

nativism/ nature, behaviourism/ nurture, interactionism

what is the nativism/ nature theory of language development

the idea that something about learning a language is innate to us 

what is a Language acquisition device (LAD)/ what does it allow for?

something that we are biologically programmed with, allowing us to derive language with limited experience

What does LASS (language acquisition support system) mean

social interaction helps with language learning 

What is the behaviourism/ nurture theory of language development 

that children learn language through observation, imitation and reinforcement

what is meant by poverty of the stimulus in term of language learning

the idea that children do not get enough evidence for speech to be explicitly correct or reinforced

what is the interactionism theory of language learning

A combination of nature and nurture

What is child directed speech

using vocabulary tailored to the developmental state of a child