Neural Stimulation Techniques & Behavioral Genetics in Psychology

What is stimulating neural activity?

A group of techniques that allow researchers to artificially change the neural activity of a specific brain region

Why is stimulating neural activity important?

It allows investigation of the functions of a certain brain region by manipulating its activity

What is electrical stimulation in neural activity

Implanting a wire in the brain to pass electric currents, providing low spatial resolution but high temporal resolution

What is chemical stimulation?

Implanting a cannula in the brain to inject excitatory amino acids, offering low spatial and temporal resolution

What is optogenetics?

A method to stimulate  specific types of neurons in particular brain regions using light, providing high spatial and temporal resolution

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons, allowing for excitation or interference with brain functions

What is behavioral genetics?

The study of the genetic basis of behavior, exploring the link between genetics and mental health issues.

What are the main methods of behavioral genetic research?

Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies, and molecular genetics

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins only share 50%

What do adoption studies aim to determine?

They aim to rule out environmental impacts by comparing similarities between adopted children and their biological vs. adoptive parents.

What is the significance of a concordance rate in twin studies?

It measures the likelihood that both twins share a trait, indicating a genetic predisposition

What is the role of neurotransmission in the nervous system?

It involves the release of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft, facilitating communication between neurons

What are agonists and antagonists in the context of drugs?

Agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block receptors from becoming active.

How does cocaine affect neurotransmission?

it blocks dopamine transporters, increasing dopamine levels in the synapse

What is the action of amphetamines on neurotransmission?

they reverse dopamine transporter function, increasing extracellular levels of monamines

What are some examples of amphetamines use for ADD and ADHD?

Addrall, Ritalin, and Dexedrine, which increase activity in the prefrontal cortex

What characterizes drug addiction?

It is a biological disorder marked by compulsive drug use, loss of control, and negative emotional states when access is prevented

What is the impact of drugs on the nervous system?

They can affect receptors, ion channels, DNA, nuclear receptors, and enzymes involved in neurotransmission

What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in neurotransmission?

They signal vesicles to release neurotransmitters by exocytosis when action potentials arrive at the axon terminal.

What is the definitions of a drug according to Write & Montag (1949)?

A substance or mixture of substances found to have therapeutic value for treating human diseases

What is the significance of the phrase ‘Your genes + Your environment & lifestyle = YOU!’?

It emphasizes the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental influences on behavior

What does the term ‘drug dependence’ refer to?

It refers to the emerge of negative emotional states when access to the drug is prevented

What is the primary function of drugs that affect the nervous system?

They modulate chemical synaptic transmission

What determines how a drug affects brain function and behavior?

The brain circuit and type of neurotransmitter involved.