Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards created to help review key concepts from the lecture notes for upcoming exams.

In the process of __, matters are resolved through dialogue and argumentation.

discussion

The term __ refers to how people in a society interact and behave with each other.

sociology

In scientific research, the __ is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher.

independent variable

The __ variable is what is measured in an experiment.

dependent variable

A __ is a systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.

study

The __ is a statement predicting the relationship between two or more variables.

hypothesis

In __ research, the researcher collects data under controlled conditions.

experimental

__ research is concerned with the relationships or comparisons between variables.

correlational

A __ is a suggested explanation for a phenomenon, forming a basis for further investigation.

theory

A __ method is when you rely on personal experience or observation.

qualitative

In quantitative research, the data is typically collected and analyzed using __.

statistics

A __ takes a diverse set of observations, findings, and papers into account.

review of literature

The __ method involves a single case study as a unit of analysis.

case study

A __ is an outline or plan for a research project.

research proposal

The __ is a brief overview of the study's results and implications.

abstract

__ indicates how far a sample statistic is from a population parameter.

margin of error

A __ sample is one that fully represents the population from which it is drawn.

random

__ ethics governs the behavior of researchers to ensure the welfare of participants.

research

The __ is the organized collection of research data.

data set

In qualitative studies, a __ can provide insights through open-ended responses.

survey

A __ is a visual representation of data, often used in experiments.

graph

__ analysis examines the relationship between variables to determine correlations and causations.

statistical

The __ describes how research findings can be generalized in the wider context.

external validity

An __ is used in experimental design to determine how varied the results are.

ANOVA

__ analysis helps explore relationships between continuous and categorical variables.

multivariate

A __ is a phenomenon wherein a variable appears to correlate but actually is a coincidence.

spurious relationship

In a __ test, the null hypothesis is put to debate against the alternative.

statistical

A __ is a controlled procedure of measurement and testing to establish knowledge.

experiment

The __ is a formal way to gather information that represents a broader population.

sampling method

In research methodology, __ refers to the systematic errors that can affect outcomes.

bias

A __ presents the overall overview of the research, its findings, and conclusions.

report

__ data is collected through first-hand experiences or observations.

primary

A __ is an established set of principles guiding the research process.

framework

__ methodology involves examining the processes and effects of human behavior.

psychological

In surveys, __ are predetermined answer choices offered to respondents.

response options

The __ represents the population we seek to learn about in a study.

target population

A __ is used to ensure that data collection is structured and consistent.

protocol

The term __ refers to practices ensuring participants' rights and privacy are maintained.

informed consent

__ variables influence the relationship between other variables in a study.

mediating

The __ of scales indicates how variables are organized or measured.

level of measurement

__ can provide ethical considerations that affect research design.

regulations

A __ symbolizes the relationship between different concepts, outlining the variables involved.

conceptual framework

An __ is a research strategy used to address specific research questions.

approach

In experimentation, the __ group does not receive the experimental treatment.

control

The __ aspect of research considers how the information is being interpreted or received.

subjective

An __ study begins with the observation of real-world phenomena and continues with theory development.

inductive

The __ principle in ethics emphasizes the maximum benefit and minimum harm to participants.

beneficence

__ variables can overshadow effects in an experiment if not properly controlled.

confounding

Statistical __ tests provide an indication of how applicable the findings are to the larger population.

significance

In quantitative research, it is essential to establish __ before beginning data collection.

sources of bias

The __ protects the integrity of research subjects during scientific inquiry.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)