ANAPHY BLOOD NEUROVASC

BLOOD

• sticky and opaque

• heavier, 5x thicker than water

• alkaline, pH- 7.35 and 7.45

• temp- 38 

• 5-6 liters in adults

Plasma

• 90% water

Plasma proteins

• from liver

Acidosis- blood too acidic

Alkalosis- blood too basic

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes (rbc)

• Anucleate- no nucleus

• Hemoglobin- iron bearing protein

  • slightly higher in men 13-18g

  • 4 molecules/hb

  • Oxyhemoglobin- with 02

  • Deoxyhemoglobin- w/o 02

• Biconcave discs- like donuts

• the more rbc the thicker

Leukocytes (wbc)

• contain nucleus and organelles

• Diapedesis- can slip in n out blood vessels

• Positive chemotaxis- locating damage

• Leukocytosis- speed in production

• Leukopenia- low wbc count

• 2 MAJOR GRPS

• 1. Granulocytes- granules in cytoplasm, lobed nuclei

  • Neutrophils- most numerous wbc

    • multilobes nucleus, cytoplasm pink

    • Specific and Azurophilic Granules

    • phagocytes in acute infection (bacteria and fungi)

    • respiratory burst

    • 6-7 hrs blood, 1-4 days tissue

  • Eosinophils- blue-red bilobed nucleus

    • infection of worms

    • release enzymes

    • 10 hrs blood, 10 days tissue

  • Basophils- rarest wbc

    • dark blue-purple, S-shaped nuclei

    • Histamine and Heparin- inflammatory

• 2. Agranulocytes- no granules in cytop, normal nuclei

  • Lymphocytes- sec most numerous

    • dark dark purple nuclei

    • in lymphatic tissues

    • B lymphocyte

    • T lymphocyte

    • Natural Killer Cell

  • Monocytes- largest wbc

    • u-shaped nuclei

    • Macrophage- eats infection, type of phagocyte

    • 60-100 days in tissue

  • Most abundant to least- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Platelets

• fragments of Megakaryocytes

• 10 days

Hematopoiesis

• blood cell formation

• red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

• Hemocytoblast- common stem cell

Formation of RBC

• unable to synthesize, grow, or divide bcs no nucleus

• 100-120 days

• eliminated by phagocytes

• iron recycles by transferrin protein

• Porphyrin to Bilirubin

  • Stercobilinogen- in large int

    • Stercobilin- color of feces

  • Stercobilinogen- absorbed in blood

    • Urobilinogen- urine

    • Urobilin- when exposed to air

• Reticulocyte- baby rbc, still w some er. mature after 2 days

• Erythropoietin- controls rbc production. kidney

Formation of WBC and Platelets

• Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

• Interleukins

  • both stimulates for WBC

• Thrombopoietin- stimulates for platelets, liver

• Megakaryocytes- produce platelets, in bone marrow

Hemostasis

• stopping the bleeding

Phases

1. Vascular Spasm

• immediate response

• spasms narrow blood vessel

2. Platelet Plug Formation

• exposed collagen fibers

• platelets pile up

• Primary Aggregation- formation

• Secondary Aggregation- increase size of clot

3. Coagulation

• blood clotting

• Prothrombin

• Thrombin- enzyme. converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin

• Fibrin- forms clot

• Serum- pulls ruptured edges together

• 3-6 minutes

Fibrinolysis- breakdown of clot

Blood Groups

• loss of blood 15-30% weakens

• above 30% can be fatal

• Agglutination- binding of antibodies 

• if clumps in anti, thats the name

• negative can only receive negative

Developmental Aspects

• liver and spleen before 7ms

• rbc count higher in children

• Fetal Hemoglobin

Homeostatic Imbalances

1. Anemia- decrease in rbc or hemoglobin

2. Sickle Cell Anemia- crescent shaped rbc

3. Pernicious Anemia- high risk in elderlies vitamin b12

4. Polycythemia- abnormal increase of rbc

5. Polycythemia Vera- increase of rbc bcs of bone marrow cancer

6. Secondary Polycythemia- response to living in high altitudes

7. Leukemia- cancerous bone marrow, immature wbc

8. Thrombus- clot in unbroken blood vessel

• Embolus- if it flows freely in bloodstream

9. Thrombocytopenia- platelet deficiency

• Petechiae- small purplish blotches from bleeding blood vessels

10. Hemophilia- lack of any factors in clotting

11. Hemolytic- in newborns rh+ with rh- mothers

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Structural

Central Nervous System

• brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

• nerves

• Sensory Division (Afferent)

  • TO nervous system from sensory

  • Somatic Sensory Fibers- from skin, skeletal muscles, joints

  • Visceral Sensory Fibers- from visceral organs

• Motor Division (Efferent)

  • FROM CNS to effector organs

  • Somatic Nervous System- voluntary

  • Autonomic Nervous System- involuntary

    • Sympathetic

    • Parasympathetic

Supporting Cells

CNS

Neuroglia- support neurons, always can divide

• Astrocytes- star shaped, capillaries and neurons

• Microglia- spiderlike phagocytes

• Ependymal- lines central cavities and spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid

• Oligodendrocytes- flat extensions, produces myelin sheath

PNS

Schwann Cells- form myelin sheaths

Satellite Cells- protect cells

Neurons

Structure

• nerve cells

• all have cell body

Cell Body

• metabolic center of neuron

• all organelles except centrioles

• Nissl bodies- rough ER

• Neurofibrils- maintain cell shape

Processes

• fibers

• Dendrites- convey messages toward cell body, may be many

• Axons- generate impulses away from cell body, only one

  • Axon Hillock- where axon arises

  • Axon Terminals- contain neurotransmitters

• Synaptic Cleft- what separates axon terminal from next neuron

• Synapse- junction to transmit impulse

Myelin Sheaths

• waxy appearance

• protects fibers

• increase speed of impulse

• Neurilemma- external to myelin sheath

• Nodes of Ranvier- gaps

• Clusters of neuron cell bodies

Nuclei- in CNS

Ganglia- PNS

• Bundles of nerve fibers

Tracts- CNS

Nerves- PNS

White matter- myelinated

Gray matter- unmyelinated

Functional

1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent)

• neurons carrying impulse from sensory to CNS

• Based on dendrite endings

  • Cutaneous Sense Organs- sensory in skin

  • Proprioceptors- sensory in muscles and tendons

2. Motor Neurons (Efferent)

• from CNS to muscles

3. Interneurons (Association)

• connect motor and sensory in neural pathways

Structural

1. Multipolar Neuron- most common, several dendrites and axons

2. Bipolar Neurons- 2 processes, one axon one dendrite

3. Unipolar Neurons- single process, PNS

Nerve Impulses

Irritability- respond to stimulus

Conductivity- transmit impulse to other

Unmyelinated

Resting Neuron- neuron polarized, fewer +ions in than out

Action Potential Initiation- depolarization, sodium outside floods in

Action Potential Generation- if stimulus strong enough

Action Potential Propagation- propagates the entire length

Repolarization- restoring rest same direction

Myelinated

Saltatory Conduction- faster

Reflex

Two neuron- kneejerk

Three neuron- withdrawal reflex

Central Nervous System

1. Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebrum

• most superior part

• Gyri- elevated ridges

• Sulci- shallow grooves

• Fissures- deeper grooves

• 3 Basic Regions

• 1. Gray Matter (cortex)

• 2. White Matter (internal)

• 3. Basal Nuclei

Cerebral Cortex

Primary Somatic Sensory Area- parietal lobe, recognize

Sensory Homunculus- spatial map

Primary Motor Area- conscious move, Corticospinal tract

Motor Homunculus- body map on motor conrtex

Broca’s Area- speaking

Cerebral White Matter

• carries impulse

Corpus Callosum- connects cerebral hemispheres

Basal Nuclei

• most gray matter islands

• regulate voluntary acts

2. Diencephalon

• interbrain

Major Structures

Thalamus- relay station for sensory impulses

Hypothalamus

• floor of diencephalon

• part of Limbic System

• regulates Pituitary Gland

• Mamillary Bodies- sense of smell

Epithalamus

• Pineal Gland

• Choroid Plexus- form cerebrospinal fluid

3. Brain Stem

• pathway, many small gray matters

Major Structures

Midbrain

• small part from mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly

• Cerebral Aqueduct- tiny canal travels through midbrain

• Cerebral Peduncles- convey ascending and descending impulses

• Corpora Quadrigemina- reflex centers vision and hearing

4. Pons- rounded structure below midbrain, fiber tracts

5. Medulla Oblongata- pyramidal tracts and regulation

Reticular Formation- motor control of visceral organs

Reticular Activating System- consciousness

Cerebellum

• cauliflower like

• 2 hemispheres

• skeletal muscle activity and balance

Protection of Central Nervous System

Meninges

• connective tissue membranes

• 1. Dura Mater- outermost, double layered membrane

  • Falx Cerebri- separate 2 cerebral hemispheres

  • Tentorium Cerebelli- separate cerebellum and cerebrum

• 2. Arachnoid Mater- cobweb

  • Subarachnoid space- threadlike extension

  • Pia Mater- clings to surface of brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid

• helps brain float

• flows inside brain

• 150ml

The Blood-Brain Barrier- capillaries

Spinal Cord

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves

• Cauda Equina- collection of spinal nerves at vertebral canal

Gray Matter

• looks like butterfly

• Dorsal horns- contain interneurons, Dorsal Root Ganglion, Ventral Root

• Ventral horns- contain motor neurons of somatic

• surrounds central canal of the cord that contains CSF

White Matter

3 regions

• Dorsal column- ascending sensory tracts

• Lateral column- both asc and desc motor tracts

• Ventral column- both asc and desc motor tracts

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerve

• Endoneurium- delicate connective tissue

• Perineurium- coarser connective tissue, form Fascicles

• Epineurium- tough fibrous sheath, bound Fascicles

• Sensory Nerves

• Motor Nerves

• Mixed Nerves- all spinal nerves

Cranial Nerves

• 12 pairs all serve head and neck except Vagus

• Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet At Home

• Olfactory- s. smell

• Optic- s. vision

• Oculomotor- m. eye movement and pupil

• Trochlear- m. external eye movement down up

• Trigeminal- mix. sensory face motor chewing

• Abducens- m. eye move lateral

• Facial- mix. facial expression. taste

• Vestibulocochlear- mix. hearing and balance

• Glossopharyngeal- mix. sensory taste motor gag reflex, swallowing

• Vagus- mix. rest and digest

• Accessory- m. shoulder shrug and head turn

• Hypoglossal- m. tongue movements

Spinal Nerves

• 31 pairs

• joining of ventral and dorsal roots

• Dorsal Ramus- posterior body trunk

• Ventral Ramus- Intercostal Nerves

  • Plexuses- serve limbs C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-4

Cervical C1-5: Phrenic, diaphragm

Brachial C5-8 T1: Arm

Lumbar L1-4: femoral to knees

Sacral L4-5 S1-3: gluteal, thigh divides to legs and feet

Autonomic Nervous System

• 2 motor neurons

• 1. Preganglionic Neuron- in brain or spinal cord

  • Preganglionic Axon- leaves CNS to form synapse

• 2. Postganglionic Axon- extend to organs

• Sympathetic- extreme situations'

  • thoracolumbar division

  • preganglionic neurons in gray matter of spinal cord T1-L2

  • Ramus Communicans- small communicating branch

  • Sympathetic Trunk Ganglion- vertebral column on each side

  • Splanchnic Nerves- synapse with ganglionic neuron

• Parasympathetic- conserve energy, rest and digest

  • craniosacral division

  • preganglionic neurons in brain and S2-4

  • synapse with Terminal Ganglion

Somatic Nervous System

• motor neurons cell bodies INSIDE CNS extend to organs

Developmental Aspects

• forms during first month

• Hypothalamus- last areas to mature

• coordination superior-inferior proximal-distal

Homeostatic Imbalances

1. Multiple Sclerosis- destroyed myelin sheaths

2. Huntington’s Disease- nerve cells decay

3. Parkinson’s Disease- affects movement, lack dopamine

4. Ataxia- cerebellum damaged, may appear drunk

5. Meningitis- inflammation of meninges

6. Encephalitis- inflammation of brain

7. Hydrocephalus- water in brain

8. Concussion- light brain injury

9. Contusion- marked tissue destruction, cerebral cortex injury

10. Intracranial Hemorrhage- bleeding of ruptured vessels

11. Cerebral Edema- swelling of brain

12. Cerebrovascular Accidents- strokes, blood circulation blocked

13. Hemiplegia- one sided paralysis

14. Aphasias- damage to left hemisphere language area

• Motor Aphasia- damage to Broca, affect speech

• Sensory Aphasia- affect ability to understand language

15. Transient Ischemic Attack- temporary brain ischemia (restricted blood flow)

16. Flaccid Paralysis- damage to ventral root

17. Spastic Paralysis- damage to spinal cord, uncontrollabe movements

18. Cerebral Palsy- temp lack of oxyg in baby delivery

19. Anencephaly- cerebrum fails to develop

20. Spina Bifida- vertebrae incomplete

21. Orthostatic Hypotension- blood pooling to feet

22. Arteriosclerosis- decreased elasticity of arteries, no oxyg to neurons

23. Senility- decline of oxygen due to aging