air pollution

CAP binds to hemoglobin

CAP has color

CAP neurological effects

CAP concentration cannot be expressed as ppm

2 CAPs that help form ozone

Air pollutant that is lachrymator (causes tears)

CO

NO2

Pb

PM2.5+PM10

NOx, CO

Formaldehyde

15 ppm —> ppb

1.5L —> m³

2.1m³ —> cm³

1 Tg —→ Mt

1500 kg —> ug

15000 ppb

0.0015 m³

2100000 cm³

1 Mt

1,500,000,000,000 ug

all anthropogenic sources of air pollution can be classified as

mobile and stationary sources

NO2 removed from air by reacting with OH radical

NO2 peaks after NO in the morning

With sunlight OH radical forms from water vapor

london smog event when

1950s

number of people in USA living in counties when concentrations of at least one criteria pollutant were above NAAQS in 2023

1/3 of USA lives above O3 NAAQS

about 150 million

on road air pollution sources

school buses, passenger cars, tractor-trailer

DOES NOT INCLUDE LOCOMOTIVE

what CAPS has highest anthropogenic annual emissions by mass

CO

on a global scale, anthropogenic sources emit much higher amounts of airborne particles pollutants than natural sources

false!

when are accumulation mode particles called this?

they accumulate and stay long in the atmosphere

Three important radicals in atmospheric reactions involving gaseous air pollutants

CH3, OH, HO2

why methane important in context of air pollution

mathane is a green house gas

methane reacts with OH radical to create ozone

example of a SVOC

Phthanlates (BP: 300C)

oxyhydrocarbon example

ethanol

why does sulfuric acid quickly condense onto particles in the atmosphere

it has low vapor pressure

describe what air pollution is

the presence of a substance or mixture, either in an amount the exceeds limits or for a duration that exceeds limits, that can come from natural or anthropogenic sources, that are known to cause adverse effects for human health or the environment.

Ambient and indoor air can experience air. pollution

difference between primary and secondary air pollutants

primary - emitted directly, ex: PM from factory

secondary - formed in atmosphere, ex: ozone formed in troposphere (not a pollutant in the stratosphere)

difference between primary and secondary standards

primary - standards to protect human health

secondary - standards for welfare

Both primary and secondary pollutants have primary and secondary regulations

trimodal atmospheric particle size distribution

fine particles < 2.5 um

coarse particles > 2.5 um (based on PM10 sizes)

Clean Air Act

Clean Air Act which establishes the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for criteria air pollutants

increase of GDP under its regulation and added economic benefit.

Clean Air Act Amendments are estimated to reach almost $2 trillion for the year 2020

By 2020, the Clean Air Act Amendments will prevent over 230,000 early deaths.

Most of the $2 trillion in economic benefits (about 85 percent) are attributable to reductions in premature mortality associated with reductions in ambient particulate matter.

photo-stationary ozone formation

oxidation of NO2

photolysis of NO2

formation of O3

potential dose

mult time exposed by concentration