Foundations and Cell Biology Lecture Notes

A comprehensive set of flashcards designed to help students review and understand key concepts in Foundations and Cell Biology.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes is called __.

Homeostasis

feedback is the most common type of feedback mechanism in the body.

Negative

Body temperature regulation is an example of __ feedback mechanisms.

Negative

Insulin and glucagon are examples of __ feedback in blood glucose regulation.

Negative

Childbirth contractions are an example of __ feedback.

Positive

Blood clotting cascade is an example of __ feedback.

Positive

Simple diffusion only allows __ molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

Small, lipid-soluble

Water passes through the cell membrane via __ during osmosis.

Aquaporins

Facilitated diffusion requires __ to transport substances across the membrane.

Protein carriers

The __ Na⁺/K⁺ pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions in per ATP used.

Primary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport utilizes __ to move substances across membranes.

Existing ion gradients

In depolarization, Na⁺ channels open, allowing Na⁺ to rush __.

IN

The peak action potential is recorded at __ mV.

+30

During repolarization, K⁺ channels open, and K⁺ rushes __.

OUT

The step below -70mV following hyperpolarization is a brief __.

Overshoot

The Na⁺/K⁺ pump helps restore resting membrane potential to __ mV.

-70

During the absolute refractory period, no stimulus will work because Na⁺ channels are __.

Inactivated

An __ solution has equal solute concentration with no net water movement.

Isotonic

A __ solution causes water to enter cells resulting in lysis.

Hypotonic

A __ solution has a higher solute concentration causing water to leave cells and resulting in crenation.

Hypertonic

Epithelial tissue is __ and has a basement membrane.

Avascular

The __ of epithelial tissue has apical-basal polarity.

Organization

Simple squamous epithelium is found in the __.

Alveoli

Kidney tubules are lined with __ epithelium for secretion and absorption.

Simple Cuboidal

The GI tract is primarily lined with __ epithelium that facilitates absorption.

Simple Columnar

Stratified squamous epithelium is primarily found in the __ for protection.

Skin

Transitional epithelial cells are found in the __, allowing stretching.

Bladder

Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered and is found in the __ tract.

Respiratory

Connective tissue has an __ matrix and is vascular except for cartilage.

Extracellular

Adipose tissue is primarily used for __ storage and insulation.

Fat

Bone is classified as __ connective tissue.

Specialized

Osteogenic cells are stem cells that develop into __.

Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are responsible for __ the bone matrix.

Building

Osteoclasts function to __ bone.

Break down

In bone structure, there is a __ compact layer that house osteons.

Dense

The ___ is the area of spongy bone where trabecular spaces contain red marrow.

Medullary Cavity

Cranial nerves can be classified into __ pairs.

12

The spinal cord contains __ pairs of spinal nerves.

31

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are layers of the __.

Meninges

The white matter of the spinal cord includes ascending and __ tracts.

Descending

__ produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

Choroid plexus

Photoreceptors in the retina include __ for dim light and peripheral vision.

Rods

_ in the retina is responsible for color vision and requires bright light.

Cones

The pathway of vision is from photoreceptors to __ cells to ganglion cells.

Bipolar

The external ear division includes the pinna, ear canal, and __ membrane.

Tympanic

Sound travels from the tympanic membrane to the __ in the middle ear.

Ossicles

The cochlear structures include the scala vestibuli, scala media, and _.

Scala tympani

The distinctive feature of hair cells in hearing is that they depolarize when __ enters.

K⁺

The vestibular apparatus integrates information regarding head position and __.

Balance

Autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic and __ branches.

Parasympathetic

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for __ response.

Fight or flight

The parasympathetic nervous system promotes __ response.

Rest and digest

In the sympathetic branch, the neurotransmitter after post-ganglionic synapse is __.

Norepinephrine

__ is released by the adrenal medulla during a stress response.

Epinephrine

The hypothalamus is essential in maintaining __ and ANS control.

Homeostasis

The basic cellular structure of bone, known as __, contains central canals and osteocytes in lacunae.

Osteons

The transmission of pain and temperature sensations occurs via the __ tracts.

Spinothalamic

The primary function of arterial baroreceptors is to regulate __.

Blood pressure

Injury to the muscle nerve results in an electrochemical signal called an __ potential.

Action

Epithelial cells undergo __ in response to mechanical stress or injury.

Regeneration

Homeostasis involves feedback mechanisms to restore __ to set points.

Variables

Type I muscle fibers are classified as __ oxidative.

Slow

Type IIa muscle fibers are classified as __ oxidative glycolytic.

Fast

Type IIb muscle fibers are classified as __ glycolytic.

Fast

The __ reflex is monosynaptic and commonly tested with the knee-jerk response.

Stretch

The __ sign indicates upper motor neuron lesions in infants.

Babinski

Low levels of blood calcium are detected by __ glands.

Parathyroid

PTH release results in higher activity of __ to increase blood calcium levels.

Osteoclasts

High blood calcium levels result in the release of __ from the thyroid.

Calcitonin

The __ is responsible for memory, sensory integration, and movement.

Cerebrum

The __ is important for regulating homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamus

The midbrain coordinates __ and auditory reflexes.

Vision

The medulla oblongata regulates vital involuntary functions such as __ and heart rate.

Breathing

Skeletal muscles are classified as __ and are voluntary.

Striated

Cardiac muscles are __ and contain intercalated discs.

Involuntary

Smooth muscle lacks __ and is found in organs.

Striations

__ sensing refers to the conversion of light, sound, and chemical signals into neural activity.

Sensory

Homeostatic loops consist of receptors, control centers, and __ that produce responses.

Effectors

Calcium absorption in the intestines is enhanced by __ released from the kidney and skin.

Calcitriol

Sensory neurons transmit signals towards the __ while motor neurons transmit signals away.

Central Nervous System

ACh is released by neurons at the __ junction for muscle contraction.

Neuromuscular

The lobes of the brain responsible for taste and emotion is the __.

Insula

Skin functions include protection, sensation, and __ regulation through sweat.

Temperature

Muscle contraction is dictated by the __ filament theory.

Sliding

Neurons are supported by non-conducting cells called __.

Neuroglia

Neurotransmitter release at the postsynaptic terminal occurs when __ channels open.

Calcium

Within muscle contraction, ATP binds to __ to allow cross-bridge detachment.

Myosin

The study of tissues is referred to as __.

Histology

The relationship between homeostasis and feedback mechanisms is essential for __ health.

Cellular

The body's response to stress includes activation of the __ nervous system.

Sympathetic

The outermost layer of brain protection is called the __ mater.

Dura

The __ is responsible for balance and coordination of movement.

Cerebellum

The thalamus acts primarily as a __ center for sensory information.

Relay

The cochlea is responsible for converting sound waves into __ signals.

Nervous

The relationship of body systems to maintain homeostasis is known as __ integration.

Physiological

The primary structure for gas exchange in the lungs is the __.

Alveoli

Excess calcium is stored in the __ of the bone tissue.

Matrix

Diabetes can lead to damage in neurons which is known as __ neuropathy.

Diabetic

During __ feedback, the response enhances the original stimulus.

Positive

Arrangement of connective tissue is critical for _ and support.

Protection