Chemistry Grade 10 - Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on the Chemistry Grade 10 textbook.

Catenation

The ability of atoms of the same element to join together forming short or long chains and rings.

Functional group

The part of a molecule or a compound that determines the chemical properties of that molecule or compound.

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds composed of the elements carbon and hydrogen only.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

Compounds of carbon and hydrogen containing only carbon-carbon single bonds.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Compounds of carbon and hydrogen possessing one or more multiple bonds (double or triple bonds) between carbon atoms.

Detailed structure

A formula that shows all the bonds and atoms.

Condensed structure

A shorter chemical structure.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons containing chains of carbon atoms linked by single bonds only.

Homologous series

A group of compounds in which each member of the group differs from the next member by a –CH2, is called a homologous series.

Homologues

Individual members of a homologous series.

Normal or straight-chain alkanes

Alkanes containing all the carbon atoms in one continuous chain.

Branched- chain alkanes

Alkanes containing chains with branches.

Nomenclature

Simplified and systematic way of naming organic compounds.

Prefix

Prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms.

Suffix

Suffix indicating the type of the functional group present in the molecule.

Alkyl radicals

Alkyl radicals are obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from the corresponding alkanes.

Isomerism

The existence of two or more chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Chain or skeletal isomerism

A type of structural isomerism where substances differ in the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Decarboxylation

The removal of the carboxylate group from the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid

Biogas plant

A plant that generates biogas, mainly consisting of methane by anaerobic fermentation of organic materials.

Substitution Reaction

A reaction that involves the replacement of one atom or a group of atoms by another atom or group of atoms.

Halogenation of alkanes

This reaction involves reacting alkanes with chlorine and bromine.

Photochemical reaction

Reaction involves reacting alkanes with chlorine and bromine that proceeds in presence of heat or sunlight.

Chain Propagating Step

Step which consumes a reactive particle (free radical) produced in the chain initiation step and generates another free radical.

Chain Terminating Step

Step where reactive particles (free radicals) are consumed but not generated.

Reaction mechanism

A detailed step by step description of a chemical reaction

Elimination reaction

Reaction involves the removal of smaller molecules from a compound and leads to the formation of a compound containing a multiple bond (unsaturated compound).

Cycloalkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are linked in such a manner as to form closed chains or ring structures.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Compounds of carbon and hydrogen containing either double or triple bonds.

Alkenes or Olefins

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond as their functional group.

Homologous series

The series that alkenes form.

Chain isomerism

Type of isomerism when there is difference in the arrangement of the carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon chain.

Position isomerism

Type of isomerism when there is difference in the position of the double bond in the carbon chain.

Geometrical isomerism

Isomerism that results from the difference in the relative spatial arrangement of atoms or groups about the double bond.

Dehydration

Removal of water

Dehydrohalogenation

Removal of hydrogen and a halogen atom

Markovnikov’s rule

When an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide to give an alkyl halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms, and the halogen to the carbon that has the fewer number of hydrogen atoms.

Polymerization

Union of small molecules called monomers to form a large molecule called a polymer.

Cycloalkenes

Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing a double bond between carbon atoms.

Alkynes

Another group of unsaturated hydrocarbons possessing a triple bond as their functional group.

Reagents

Substances used to test for unsaturation of hydrocarbons

Trimerization of Acetylene

Acetylene, on prolonged heating at 600 – 700oC yields benzene.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Group of hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of a benzene ring or related structures.

Benzene

The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.

Destructive distillation of coal or coking of coal

Heating mineral coal in the absence of air, or oxygen.

Alcohols

Hydroxyl derivatives of hydrocarbons that can be obtained by replacing one or more hydrogen atom(s) of a hydrocarbon with the hydroxyl (–OH) group.

Hydroxyl group

The hydroxyl group is the functional group of alcohols.

Monohydric alcohols

Alcohols containing only one hydroxyl group..

Dihydric alcohols

Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups per molecule.

Trihydric alcohols

Those containing three hydroxyl groups in their molecular structure

Polyhydric alcohols

Those containing three or more hydroxyl groups in their molecular structure.

Primary (1°)

Carbon atoms are bonded to atoms.

Secondary (2°)

Carbon atoms are bonded to atoms.

Tertiary (3°)

Carbon atoms are bonded to atoms.

Quaternary (4°)

Carbon atoms are bonded to atoms.

Primary alcohols

Alcohols which have the hydroxyl group connected to a primary carbon.

Secondary alcohols

Alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is attached to two alkyl groups or contains an –OH group bonded to a secondary carbon atom.

Tertiary alcohols

Alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is attached to three hydrocarbon (alkyl) groups or contain –OH group attached to a tertiary carbon atom

Fermentation

Decomposition of carbohydrates such as sucrose, starch and cellulose in the presence of suitable enzyme, that results in the formation of ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Ethanol

A hypnotic (sleep producer)

Denatured alcohol

Mixture of ethanol and other poisonous substance that has been added to make the alcohol unfit for drinking.

Methylated spirit

In some cases, R can be a hydrogen atom.

Aldehydes

Product resulted by oxidation of primary alcohols in the presence of mild oxidizing agents.

"-al"

Suffix used to name aldehydes, use the suffix -al to replace the terminal -e in the corresponding alkane name.

Ketones

Product resulted by oxidation of secondary alcohols.

Carboxylic acids

Series of homologous acids

Esterification

Name results by carboxylic acids react with alcohols

Esterification

This reaction is known is esterification

Fuel

A term that refers to any material that is capable of burning to produce energy, heat and light.

Pesticides and herbicides

Organic chemicals which are used in agriculture specifically to increase crop productivity by controlling the damages caused by insects, rodents, fungi, birds and weeds.

Pesticides

The chemicals used for controlling the damage that can be caused by fungi, insects and other pests that attack crops.

Herbicides

The chemicals that are applied on agricultural lands to remove unwanted plants or weeds.

Urine

Urea, one of the most important nitrogen fertilizers, is a component of …

Surfactants

Surface active agents used to remove dirt.

Saponification

Reaction produces soap.