Criminology Remaining for Final

Organized Crime

a crime committed by any group of at least 3 people that involves the commission of a serious offence in pursuit of profit

structural, institutional, commercial, behavioral

Custodial Influence

ability to exercise power and shape life inside prison

Canada’s remand rate vs the US

nearly double of the united states

around 70%

awaiting trial or resolution of charges, waiting approval of bail, etc

Bad Action

if a gang member does something to anger the gang, then they will face consequences from the gang like a dirty 30 for example

Conrad Black

owner of hollinger inc

convicted of fraud and use of deceptive tactics for financial gain

Price Fixing

companies conspire to artificially inflate the price of something

eg bread

White Collar Crime

crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation

Corporate Crime

WCC committed with support/encouragement of formal organization

intended at least in part to advance goals of organization

Occupational Crime

WCC committed by individual/group of individuals exclusively for personal gain

done by professionals in the course of (and using structural advantage provided by) otherwise legitimate occupation

What causes WCC

may lie in the power derived from ownership and authority positions in modern corporations

having power makes you free from many constraints and lack of consequences

favouring exploitation

markets put pressure on corporations to commit misconduct for profit

Corporate Disengagement

assumptions that higher ups don’t always have to know what subordinates are doing

Penalizing WCC

poor resources

penalizing higher ups can lead to the working class of that corporation being impacted strongly

weakness of laws and appropriate deterrents

Occupational Crime

viiolations of professional and legal conduct in the course of otherwise legitimate profession

violations of trust, position of authority; betrayal of expertise; abuse of power

eg Larry Nassar

medical malpractice, finicial fraud, wrongful convictions

SNC Lavalin

corporate and occupational crime

engineering and infrastructure firm based on Montréal Quebec,

accused of bribing Libyan government officials in exchange for construction contracts

sought a deferred prosecution agreement after political pressure was exerted on members of Canadian parliament to provide SNC-Lavalin with the dpa

Trudeau ethics violations

Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA)

spare company trial and prosecution if they improve their behavior

Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams

combat organized and serious crime

crime and gangs, internet child exploitation, human trafficking, auto crimes, money laundering asset forfeiture

Money Laundering Asset Forfeiture Team

dedicated to investigate large scale financial crime

RCMP, EPS, CPS members

mainly investigate what happens after fraud occurs

Proceeds of Crime

anything a criminal gets from committing a crime

can be passed along a chain eg mpney, car, back to money, jewelry, etc

personal and real property

real property

cops can’t physically seize these items, eg house

Offence related Property

tools of the crime

any property intended fpr the purpose of committing a designated substance offence

most common is a car

Money Laundering Cycle

collection of dirty money —— placement of dirty money into a financial system ——— layering of money into other bank accounts and loans and invoices ———- integration of money into lifestyle

Money Laundering Trends

straight to integration (purchase of luxury items)

white label atms

casinos

Nominees(other people in the name of the money)

Shell Companies

cash based business eg ice cream shop

Money Services Businesses (any business the provides money, eg money mart)

Cryptocurrency

Money Services Businesses

easily exploited as they can follow all the rules but there us do many types of them so its easy to exploit them

Trade Based Money Laundering

under or over Invoicing (over paying internationally then put money overseas into bank accounts)

third party settlements

phantom shipping (not actually sending product)

Challenges facing money laundering investigations and prosecutions

legislation

timelines

resourcing

lack of experience in some of the workforce related to

difficult to prove and can’t compel much from people who are laundering