LOM Ch. 15 Musculoskeletal System Chabner 11 ed.

musculoskeletal system

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

consists of bones, muscles, and joints

Bones

provide the framework on which the body is constructed and protects and supports vital organs

assist in movement because they serve as anchors for muscle attachments

Joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

aka articulations

muscles

tissues or fibers that cause movement of body parts and organs

Tendons

connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

osseus tissue

bony tissue which is the connective tissue present in bones. It consists of a combination of osteocytes, collagen,and intercellular calcium salts

Osteoblasts

immature bone cells that actively produce bony tissue by replacing cartilage during ossification

Osteoclasts are

bone cells that reabsorb, or digest bone tissue

-aka bone phagocytes

bone formation

depends largely on the presence of calcium and phosphorous that must be taken into the body --transport into the body depends on Vitamin D

Calcium

without proper amount in the blood nerve fibers are unable to transmit impulses effectively to muscles, the heart muscle becomes weak and muscles attached to bones will spasm

long bones

found in the thigh, lower leg, and upper and lower arm

short bone examples

wrist and ankle bones and are small with irregular shapes

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

-they are found covering soft body parts

sesamoid bones

small, round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

-the knee cap is the largest sesamoid bone

Diaphysis

shaft or middle region of a long bone, composed mostly of compact bone

Epiphysis

End of a long bone, composed mostly of spongy bone

epiphyseal plate

-cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

-aka epiphyseal line

-it disappears when the bone has achieved its full growth

Metaphysis

Area where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints (or the ends of the bones)

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

-contain Haversian canals

Haversian canal

a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

Hematopoiesis

is the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

yellow bone

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

-it is composed of mainly fat cells

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

-it is abundant in young children but decreases with age and is replaced by yellow marrow

bone process

enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

examples: bone head, condyle, epicondyle, trochanters, tuberosity

bone depression

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Examples: fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus

cranial bones

protect the brain and structures related to it, like sense organs

cranial bones are joined by sutures

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

Sutures of the skull

immovable joint between bones, such as the skull(cranium)

fontanelle/fontanel

A space covered by tough membrane between the bones of an infant's cranium, called a "soft spot"

facial bones

bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic

-all of the facial bones are joined together by sutures, except the mandible which makes it capable of movement

vertebral column

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

-26 bones segments called vertebrae

-5 parts from the base of the skull to the tailbone

vertebral column

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum , Coccyx

sacral vertebrae

5 vertebrae which are fused to form the sacrum in the pelvis

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

thorax

chest cavity

bones of the thorax: clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs

Clavicle

collar bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Sternum

the breastbone, forms the middle of the front of the rib cage and is divided into three parts

-the 3 parts are the manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs. There are 12 pairs

-Pairs 1-7 are true ribs they are joined anteriorly and posteriorly by costal catilage

8-10 are false ribs they do not join the sternum anteriorly but rather they attach to the 7th rib but do join the vertebral column posteriorly

11-12 are floating ribs because they are completely free at the anterior ends

Bones of the arm and hand

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Humerus

upper arm bone

Ulna

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Carpals

wrist bones

Metacarpals

5 bones of the palm of the hand

Phalanges

bones of the fingers

Bones of the pelvis

ilium, ischium, pubis

Bones of the leg and foot

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Femur

thigh bone, it is the longest bone in the body

calc/o, calci/o

Calcium

kyph/o

humpback, hunchback

Kyphosis (hunchback)

An excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.

-causes reduced height, may lead to pressure on the spinal cord or peripheral nerves

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

lord/o

curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region) lordosis

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

myel/o

bone marrow

oste/o

bone

orth/o

straight

(think orthodontist straightens teeth)

osteogenesis imperfecta

inherited condition when bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones

scoli/o

crooked, bent

Scoliosis

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

-it is the most common spinal deformity in adolescent girls

spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)

vertebra

vertebr/o (used to describe the structure itself)

vertebra

-blast

embryonic, immature cell

-clast

to break

Osteoblasts

cell synthesizes collagen and protein to form bone tissue

the immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification

-listhesis

slipping

-malacia

softening

-physis

to grow

-porosis

pore, passage

-tome

instrument to cut

cost/o

ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)

crani/o

cranium (skull)

femor/o

femur (thigh bone)

fibul/o

fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

ili/o

ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)

ischi/o

ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone)

malleol/o

malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)

mandibul/o

mandible (lower jaw)

Maxill/o (Maxilla)

upper jaw bone

metacarp/o

metacarpals (hand bones)

metetars/o

metatarsals(foot bones)

olecran, olecran/o

olecranon, elbow

Patell/o is the combining form for:

patella, kneecap

pelv/o

pelvis (hip bone)

perone/o

fibula

phalang/o

finger or toe bones

pub/o

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

radi/o

radius (forearm bone-thumb side)

Scapul/o is the combining form for:

scapula, shoulder blade

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

tars/o

tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)

tibi/o

tibia (shin bone)

uln/o

ulna (forearm bone - little finger side)

Ewing sarcoma

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children