AP ART HISTORY SPACE TEST REVIEW

Everything in blue is the things you need to know

Hall of bulls

• Lascoux, France, 15000 B.C.E., Neolithic period.

• Created during the Stone Age - painting on a cave

• It functioned to communicate with other worldly beings (shaman)

• Hunter-gatherers make paintings in preparation for a good hunt.

• They didn’t live in the cave rather, it was a site they revisited often.

Running horned woman

• Sahara Desert (Algeria). 6000 B.C.E. - Neolithic.

• Painting on a rock, Woman in a dynamic - active pose, Twisted perspective.

• Possibly used for ceremonies or as an item of worship.

• Discovered in 20th century. prior to discovery the desert used to be a grassland.

• Hierarchical scale: Deity is much larger than the tiny people surrounding her. She represents fertility.

Stone Henge

• 3000 B.C.E., England, Neolithic

• Lines up with the sun for each solstice - Astrological Calendar.

• Special joints that lock the stone together

• Marks the end of summer/Winter for agricultural purposes - order in chaos.

• This was made by an Egalitarian (equal) society.

St. Foy (Specifically the reliquary, but church info too)

• Conquest, France. 11th - 12th century, Romanesque.

• the reliquary (container) held a girl martyr’s remains.

• Pilgrimage site for this reliquary. People traveled from miles away to visit churches.

• Longitudinal floor plan - Cruciform

• Rounded thick columns and walls, basic stone arches (NOT RIBBED)

PANtheon

• 128 C.E, Rome, Italy. Hadrian was the emperor

• Temple to all the gods, Dome represents harmony between earth and heaven.

• Dome supported by a drum

• Coffers: inset panels (sunk in) inside the dome.

• Oculus (hole in ceiling) - central opening

• The oculus served to reveal certain celebrations in the year.

• Marcus Agrippa dedicated the building to the previous emperor.

Acropolis of athens - AGORA

• Athens Greece, 5th century

• Marketplace, at the base of the city (and mt.)

• Annual ceremony a march through the agora.

• Birth of democracy

Acropolis of athens - ERECHTHEION

• Athens, Greece 5th century

• Temple for Athena on the mt (not the top of the mt) housed a sculpture of Athena

• Saltwater spring - Poseidon. Hole in roof - Zeus put lightning through. Olive tree - Athena.

• Caryatids - sculptures in place of columns. They stand contrapposto, Athena holding up the structure.

Acropolis of Athens - PARTHENON

• Athens, Greece. 5th century

• Located on top of the mt. The temple where a large statue of Athena would have been located.

• Used mathematical formulas to create the building. Golden ratio: repeating pattern in nature (mathematical idea of perfection).

• Entasis - Columns had a slight bulge, giving the illusion of perfection.

• 5th - 13th century the temple was a church. Then 15th century it was converted to a mosque. 1687 it exploded. 19th century the British, stole a lot of what was left

Acropolis of Athens - IONIC FREZES

• Athens, Greece. 5th century.

• located underneath metopes.

• Hard to view; they had to include scaffolding to view.

• Representing peace between gods and humans

• Ergestein (Athenean women) - on a procession to the temple. Pantheonic procession

• Phidias made the Frezes.

• Most of the frezes were destroyed.

Acropolis of Athens - PEDIMENTS

• Athens, Greece. 5th century

• located above metopes.

• Story read from left to right, made to fit within triangular function.

• Birth of Athena from Zeus’s head on one side.

• Contest between Athena and Poseidon on one side.

• Full sculptures - more than a relief, Sunlight hitting pediment (deep shadows)

• Heavy drapery, revealing form by clinging to form. reclining goddesses. 

• Telling stories of Athena and about her life.

Acropolis of Athens - METOPES

• Athena, Greece, 5th century.

• Located below the pediment

• Each side represents a mythic battle. South: Lapiths v. centaurs.

• Centaurs drank too much wine and steal the Lapith women. A story of The Greek people (Lapiths) victorious over their barbarian enemy the persians (centaurs).

• Shows their enemies as uncivilized

• Almost break outside of the metope, very high relief.

Mosque of Djenne

• Mali, 1907 C.E

• Commissioned by King Koi

• Political symbol for residents and colonial powers

• Hypostyle prayer hall

• Ostritch eggs at the top represent fertility and purity.

• Largest mud built structure in the world.

• 3 minurets and earthen roof.

• Annual festival Crepissage de la grand mosque: Entire city contributes to re-plastering of the mosques exterior. Women make the plaster while men plaster the mosque.

Santa sabina basillica

• 422 C.E. 5th century. Rome

• originally used as a roman law court, then transformed into a church.

• Light represents divinity and presence of God.

• Clestory windows. Longitudinal floor plan, leading people to altar.

• Early out in the open christian worshipping.

Chartres

• France, 12th century, High gothic.

• Stone vaulting, Flying buttresses (symbol of high gothic architecture).

• Church burnt down in 1194 then was rebuilt and the more elaborate details were added.

• notre dam - our lady (virgin mary)

• Relic was extra divine since it survived the burning and was found 3 days later.

Hagia sophia

• Constantinople (istanbul). 6th century, byzantine.

• Unified Basillica and central floor plan.

• Dome was supported by smaller domes - pandentives. Clestory windows.

• built when justinian was emperor, showed his wealth and his power.

• Converted into a mosque when the Ottomans were in power, added minurates.

• they put plaster over christ images and adddes arabic inscriptions and Mihrab (points to mecca).

• Rebuilt multiple times after earthquakes and riots.

• Inspired by the Pantheon.

Ka’aba

• 7th century, Mecca Saudi Arabia.

• a giant courtyard was built around the shrine.

• shrine covered in black cloth (kiswa).

• Muslims are asked to pray multiple a day and point to mecca. They are called to pilgrimage to mecca once in a lifetime.

• Mohammed cleansed the temple of abraham and ishmael of its idols after it started gathering idols.

• Stone given by angel to mohammed, worn down by people touching it.

borobudur Temple.

• Indonesia, 800 C.E, Sailendra dynasty.

• 4 galleries with a lot of panels of Buddhist paintings. 9 stupas, hundreds of buddhas.

• represents cosmic order, monks reach different levels of meditation as they go up.

• mandala layout

• Facilitates mental enlightenment while also offering physical enlightenment.

Great stupa of Sanchi

• 3rd century C.E., Sanchi, India. King ashoka (commissioned around 84000 stupas).

• Mound of dirt surrounded by stone. Legs = gate, body = stone, head = umbrella.

• Facilitates meditation with circumbulation.

• Holds Sidartha Buddha’s remains.

• Tirranus: story of buddha - sidartha escapes palace (horse), Bodhi tree (reaches enlightenment), only footprints remain.

• Buddhism originates in india. He is seen more as a teacher than a god.

Mosque of Selime (II)

• Turkey, Ottoman Empire. 1568 C.E.

• Squinches instead of pendentives.

• Calligraphy about Allah and him being amazing.

• Taking Christian architecture and making it bigger and better. based on the Hagia Sophia.

• Built to express Ottoman greatness to visitors.

• Muzzin in the center of the mosque (mirroring Christian altars).

Conical tower 

• Great Zimbabwe. Southeastern Zimbabwe. Shona people. c. 1000–1400 C.E. Coursed granite blocks.

• Zimbabwe was a prosperous trading center and royal complex; items from as far away as Persia and China have been found

• Stone enclosure was probably a royal residence

• Silo for corn.

Ryoan Ji

• Japan, 15th century C.E. Rock garden.

• Zen Buddhism - introspection in meditation.

• Sit and look at the piece, not circumbulating.

• Gravel represents flowing movements, while rocks represent islands. (fill in with your imagination).

Flying buttress

an external, arched support structure in architecture that extends from the upper part of a wall to a pier, transferring lateral forces like those from vaulted ceilings to the ground. This design, most famously used in Gothic architecture, allowed for taller walls, thinner walls, and large stained-glass windows by preventing the walls from collapsing under their own weight

1. Doric

2. ionic

3. corinthian

What floor plan is this?

Cruciform (or basillica)