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What are the issues in personality?
1.) Free will or determinism
2.) Nature or nurture
3.) Past, present, or future
4.) Uniqueness or universality
5.) Equilibrium or growth
6.) Optimism or pessimism
Psychodynamic Theory
Behavior is the product of psychological forces within the individual, often outside of conscious awareness
Eros (Life Instinct)
Covers all the self-preserving and erotic instincts
Libido
Sexual energy
Thanatos (Death Instinct)
Covers all the instincts toward aggression, self destruction, and cruelty
Structure of the mind
Id, super-ego, ego
Id
Unconscious. Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. --Works on the pleasure principle; avoid pain and receive instant gratification.
Ego
Negotiates between the Id and the environment. Develops after Id. --Reality Principle: conscious and unconscious, what everyone sees as our personality
Super-ego
Our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) Develops last (5 y/o) --Mediates between the superego and id.
Denial
Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality.
Repression
Exclude painful thoughts or feelings without realizing.
Projection
Attributing own feelings on others
Regression
Revert to childlike behavior
Reaction Formation
Exaggeratedly opposite ideas and emotions
Displacement
Redirection of repressed motives or feelings onto substitute objects
Sublimation
Transforming repressed motives or feelings into more socially accepted forms.
Intellectualization
Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic.
Rationalization
Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome.
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
A phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital Stage (puberty on)
maturation of sexual interests
Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Shared Freud's emphasis on unconscious processes--but says libido is ALL life forces (not just sexual).
--Unconscious is positive
--Development by middle age
-Archetypes
Personal Unconscious (Jung)
the part of the unconscious mind containing an individual's thoughts and feelings
Collective Unconscious (Jung)
The part of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species
Archetypes (Jung)
Inborn tendencies that shape human behavior. (Inherited potentials) --> 5 main ones :)
self archetype (Jung)
the archetype that represents the unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality
shadow archetype (Jung)
responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
persona archetype (Jung)
the public face or role a person presents to others
Anima archetype (Jung)
feminine aspects of the male psyche
Animus archetype (Jung)
masculine aspects of the female psyche
Extroversion (Jung)
Focuses on external world and social life
Introversion (Jung)
Focuses on internal thoughts and feelings
Rational Individuals (Jung)
Use thinking and feeling; decides on facts; balanced sense of values.
Irrational Individuals (Jung)
Actions rather than perceptions; intuition; surface perceptions.
Alfred Adler
Believed there was no conflict between Id and superego.
--People have positive motives
-Style of life develops at 4-5
-Compensation
-Inferiority Complex
Compensation (Adler)
efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities
Inferiority Complex (Adler)
A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhood.
Karen Horney
Environmental and social factors are important
-Anxiety
-Neurotic trends
-Submission
-Agression
-Detachment
Submission (Moving toward people)
Gives in to others and feels safe when receiving protection and guidance.
Aggression (Moving against people)
Hides inner feelings of insecurity while they lash out
Detachment (Moving away from people)
If i withdraw, nothing can hurt me
Projective Tests
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach Inkblot Test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
Personality Inventories
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
Gordon Allport
trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
Cardinal Trait
a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost identified with it
Central Trait
general characteristic; between 5 and 10 of these shape much of our behavior
Secondary Trait
affect behavior in fewer situations
Raymond Cattell
intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Personality Dimensions
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
Big Five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Conscientiousness
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
Agreeableness
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is
Neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
Openness
willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Extraversion
dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Albert Bandura
Believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and his social context
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Personal Control
the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that you control your own fate
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Humanistic Perspective
the psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices
Self-Actualizing Person
Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential.
Carl Rogers
Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality
Perceived Self
the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination
Ideal Self
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Unconditional Positive Regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Conditional Positive Regard
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Emotion
States of feeling that contain cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
Cognitive Emotion
What we believe about the situation
Physiological Emotion
the ANS arousal of sympathetic/parasympathetic branch
Behavioral Emotion
Avoidance tendencies which are reinforced; attack tendencies
Plutchik's Theory of Emotions
Joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, acceptance
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
James-Lange Theory
Cognitive --> Physiological --> Behavioral
Cannon-Bard Theory
Cognitive --> Physiological AND Behavioral
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
Cognitive --> Physiological AND Cognitive Label --> Behavioral
Learning fear
learn to fear almost anything if paired with something associated with pain, embarrassment
Catharsis Hypothesis
idea that we feel better if we "blow off steam"
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Relative Deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Predictors of Happiness
high self esteem, optimistic, outgoing, agreeable, close friendships, meaningful religion, sleep well, exercise
Darwin
Believed that we use emotions to survive
--Development by middle age
--Personal and Collective Unconscious