DNA
A double helix comprising two strands of nucleotides, each nucleotide formed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases.
Gene
A sequence of nucleotides as part of a DNA molecule that codes for one polypeptide and is a unit of inheritance.
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DNA
A double helix comprising two strands of nucleotides, each nucleotide formed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases.
Gene
A sequence of nucleotides as part of a DNA molecule that codes for one polypeptide and is a unit of inheritance.
Genetic Code
DNA is used to carry this, which is used to synthesise specific polypeptides.
Genetic Engineering
Transferring genes from the cells of one organism to the cells of another to form transgenic organisms.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A molecule located within the nucleus of a cell used to carry the genetic code, which is used to synthesize specific polypeptides.
Nucleotides
Smaller units that make up each strand of DNA.
Structure of a Nucleotide
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Four Different Types of Bases
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
Polynucleotides
Long chains formed when nucleotides join together.
Rule of Complementary Base Pairing
States that Adenine (A) bonds with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine (C).
Complementary Bases
Adenine (A) and Thymine (T); Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)
Double Helix
The structure formed when the two polynucleotide chains of the DNA molecule twist around each other.
Chromatin thread
Formed when a DNA molecule wraps around proteins.
Chromosome
Formed when chromatin threads coil more tightly during cell division.
Genes
Segments of DNA that code for polypeptides.
Transcription
The process where DNA template is first transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
Translation
The mRNA molecule is then translated by a ribosome into polypeptides.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides in a gene.
Genetic engineering
The manipulation of an organism’s genetic material involving the transfer of genes from one organism to another to form a transgenic organism.
Vector molecule
A DNA molecule that can be used to carry gene(s) to be transferred; Plasmids (small circular DNA) from bacteria
Plasmid
Small, often circular DNA molecule found in bacteria separate from the bacterial chromosome, often used to ferry a desired gene into a host cell (vector DNA).
Restriction enzyme
Enzyme used to cut out the gene-of-interest to produce sticky ends.
Recombinant plasmid
A plasmid that has received a foreign gene.