Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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DNA

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A double helix comprising two strands of nucleotides, each nucleotide formed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases.

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Gene

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A sequence of nucleotides as part of a DNA molecule that codes for one polypeptide and is a unit of inheritance.

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Flashcards on Molecular Genetics, DNA, Genes, and Genetic Engineering

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23 Terms

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DNA

A double helix comprising two strands of nucleotides, each nucleotide formed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases.

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Gene

A sequence of nucleotides as part of a DNA molecule that codes for one polypeptide and is a unit of inheritance.

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Genetic Code

DNA is used to carry this, which is used to synthesise specific polypeptides.

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Genetic Engineering

Transferring genes from the cells of one organism to the cells of another to form transgenic organisms.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A molecule located within the nucleus of a cell used to carry the genetic code, which is used to synthesize specific polypeptides.

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Nucleotides

Smaller units that make up each strand of DNA.

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Structure of a Nucleotide

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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Four Different Types of Bases

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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Polynucleotides

Long chains formed when nucleotides join together.

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Rule of Complementary Base Pairing

States that Adenine (A) bonds with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) bonds with Cytosine (C).

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Complementary Bases

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T); Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

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Double Helix

The structure formed when the two polynucleotide chains of the DNA molecule twist around each other.

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Chromatin thread

Formed when a DNA molecule wraps around proteins.

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Chromosome

Formed when chromatin threads coil more tightly during cell division.

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Genes

Segments of DNA that code for polypeptides.

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Transcription

The process where DNA template is first transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

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Translation

The mRNA molecule is then translated by a ribosome into polypeptides.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in a gene.

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Genetic engineering

The manipulation of an organism’s genetic material involving the transfer of genes from one organism to another to form a transgenic organism.

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Vector molecule

A DNA molecule that can be used to carry gene(s) to be transferred; Plasmids (small circular DNA) from bacteria

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Plasmid

Small, often circular DNA molecule found in bacteria separate from the bacterial chromosome, often used to ferry a desired gene into a host cell (vector DNA).

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Restriction enzyme

Enzyme used to cut out the gene-of-interest to produce sticky ends.

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Recombinant plasmid

A plasmid that has received a foreign gene.