Biochemical Concepts

what is an anabolic/endergonic reaction?

small molecules assembled into large molecules. energy is required.

what is a catabolic/exergonic reaction

large molecules broken down into small molecules. energy is released

what is matter?

anything that occupies space and has mass

how many element naturally occur in human body?

26

4 elements that makeup 96% of our body

oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

nitrogen

8 other elements that make up 3.8 % of our bodies

calcium

phosphorus

potassium

sulphur

sodium

chlorine

magnesium

iron e

what makes up remaining 0.8% of body

trace elements

atoms - what are they made of/structure?

smallest unit of matter, core is called nucleus containing protons and neutrons and electrons orbin on electron shells. always have same number of protons/electrons=charge=0

what is the atomic number?

number of protons that make atoms different h

what is mass number

sum of protons and neutrons

what is an isotope?

same chemical structre/ atomic number but different mass number (more neutrons)

what is atomic mass?

average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

what is an ion?

when charge is neutral and atoms gain or loose an electron called ionization

what is an anion?

negatively charged ion

what is a cation?

positively charged ion

what is a molecule?

when 2 or more atoms join together O2

what is a compound?

comprised of 2 or more atoms of different elements e.g. waterwh

what is the different between an inorganic compound and organic?

inorganic- lacks carbon

organic- contains carbon

what is an ionic bond?

2 atoms that can form a stable valence shell by losing or gaining an electron are attracted to one another

what is a covalent bond?

involve atoms sharing electrons via electron pairs

what are nonpolar covalent bonds?

atoms share electrons equally, when 2 or more atoms of the same element form covalent always nonpolar

what is a polar covalent bond?

unequal share of electrons

e.g. water, oxygen atom has greater power to attract electrons than hydrogen

what is molecular structure?

structural arrangement by which atoms have bonded

what are isomers?

compounds that have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement

what is metabolism?

chemical reactions that underpin all essential processes

what is the law of conservation of mass?

total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the products, structural arrangement changes

how much energy is released when bonds broken?

single covalent bond- 330kj/mol

double- 630kj/mol

triple- 840kj/mol

what is an exergonic reaction

energy producing reactions

what is an endergonic reaction?

energy consuming reaction

what is a synthesis reaction?

when 2 or more atoms, ions, molecules or compounds combine w

what are decomposition reactions?

when molecules or compounds split into smaller atoms, ions or molecules

what is an exchange reaction?

involves synthesis & decomposition reaction

what is phosphorylation?

what is dephosphorylation?

chemical reaction involving the addition of a phosphate group

chemical reaction involving removal of phosphate group

what is an acid?

compound that when dissolved in water can donate hydrogen ion

what is a base?

compound able to accept hydrogen ions

what are buffers?

compound that can convert strong aids/bases into weaker respective compounts

4 types of tissue in our body

epithelial

connective

nervous

muscle

what is an organ?

when 2 or more tissues combine

how much water is most cells made of?

70-80%

what is the plasma membrane?

sturdy boundary but flexible enclose the cell

consists of lipids and proteins

proteins divided into integral and peripheral

w

what are integral proteins

span lipid bilayer so in contact with intra- and extracellular fluid - transmembrane proteins

what are peripheral proteins?

on either inner or outer surface of lipid bilayer

how many chromosomes do we have?

46, each is a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule coiled together with histones

what is transcription process?

process of DNA being copied into mRNA to be translated into new proteins

what is the nuclear envelope

lipid bilayer membrane that seperates the nucleus from the rest of the cell wha

what are nuclear pores

allow movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

what is the cytoplasm?

everythin inside cell, divided into ctosol and organellesw

what is cytosol

water component of cell or intracellular fluid

contains many components needed to maintain important cellular processes

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

extensive network of membranes which extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm

divided into rough & smooth

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

grandular appearant due to ribosomes that are attached to its surface

what is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

no ribosomes, synthesises lipids and various steroids and can also have special functions

what is the cytoskeleton?

flexible network of fibrous proteins (filaments) giving cell structure and support

3 types of protein filaments

1. microfilaments- 2 functions of help generate movement and provide mechanical support

2. intermediate filaments exceptionally strong proteins

3. microtubules- largest helping determine cell shape and movement of organelles and chromosomes during cell division