APHG- Unit 2

Arithmetic Density

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

Physiological Density

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

Agricultural Density

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

Overpopulation

having more people than a region can support

Carrying Capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Age Cohorts

age groups

Baby Boom

sudden increase in births

Baby Bust

drop in birth rates after a boom

Echo

a reflection of the boom when boom babies reach child-rearing age

Potential Workforce

ages 15-64

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people in the potential workforce

Aging Population

a population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age cohorts

Balancing Equation

Total population +/- RNI +/- Net Migration

Immigration

describes movement to a particular place

Emigration

describes movement out of a particular place

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

Life Expectancy

average number of years a person can expect to live

Infant Mortality Rate

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

Rate of Natural Increase

(CBR-CDR)/10

Population Doubling Time

the length of time for a population to double in size

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

describes the relationship between population and the development of a country and can be used to explain population change over time

Demographic Momentum

the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within each stage of development

Malthusian Theory

the theory that population growth will outpace food supply and as a result, the environment will produce natural "checks" to population growth through famine

Boserup Theory

the theory that more humans also means more hands to contribute to agriculture, not just more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusian Theory

theory that population growth will outpace our supply of food, fresh water, coal, petroleum, timber, etc.

Pronatalist Policy

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with

declining populations

Anti-natalist Policy

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have

Total Fertility Rate

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

Migration

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new place

Voluntary Migration

an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors

Involuntary Migration

an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

Push Factor

characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

Pull Factor

characteristics that attract a person to a place

Zelinsky's Migration Model

Emigrants are more likely to leave stage 2/3 countries due to overcrowding, lack of opportunities, and competition for resources. Immigrants are more likely to move to stage 4/5 countries due to less crowding, opportunities, and abundance of resources.

Lee's Model of Migration

visual representation of the impact of push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles/opportunities.

Intervening Obstacles

an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating

Intervening Opportunities

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Gravity Model of Migration

Immigrants are more likely to choose their destination country/location based on proximity and the size of urban areas.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

1. every migration flow generates a return migration flow

2. most migrants move a short distance

3. migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations

4. most migrants are from rural areas

5. migration is caused mostly by economic reasons

Step Migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

Rural to Urban Migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city

Counter Migration

for every flow of migration in one direction, there is usually an observable flow of counter or return migration

Internally Displaced Persons

individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety

Refugees

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution

Asylum seeker

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection

Internal Migration

migration within national boundaries

Transnational Migration

migration across national boundaries

Guest Worker

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

Chain Migration

immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

Transhumance

seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture

Brain Drain

the exit of talented/skilled/educated individuals can lead to delayed economic and technological development

Xenophobia

the intense fear of persons from a different cultural group - can result in persecution, discrimination, or anti-immigrant policies

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group