PSYCH 257 Final Test

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Negative Symptoms

Includes flat affect alogia (poverty of speech) and avolition (lack of motivation).

Schizophrenia: Cognitive Symptoms

Includes impairments in attention working memory and executive functioning.

Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Criteria

Symptoms must persist for at least 6 months with 1 month of active-phase symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Prevalence

Affects about 1% of the population globally.

Schizophrenia: Onset

Typically appears in late adolescence to early adulthood.

Schizophrenia: Causes

Interaction of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors (diathesis-stress model).

Schizophrenia: Dopamine Hypothesis

Suggests that overactivity of dopamine pathways contributes to symptoms.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Features

Odd beliefs social anxiety eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions.

Schizotypal PD vs. Schizophrenia

Schizotypal PD has milder symptoms without full psychosis.

Schizotypal PD: Relationship to Schizophrenia

Considered part of the schizophrenia spectrum due to shared genetic risks.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Core Symptoms

Includes social communication deficits and restricted repetitive behaviors.

Autism: Early Signs

Lack of eye contact not responding to name and limited social interaction.

Autism: Diagnostic Onset

Symptoms typically recognized in the first two years of life.

Autism: Gender Ratio

More common in males than females (about 4:1 ratio).

Autism: Comorbidities

Often co-occurs with intellectual disability anxiety and ADHD.

Autism: Theory of Mind

Children with autism may have difficulty understanding others' mental states.

Autism: Causes

Strong genetic basis

no link to vaccines.

ADHD: Core Symptoms

Inattention hyperactivity and impulsivity.

ADHD: Subtypes

Predominantly inattentive predominantly hyperactive-impulsive and combined presentation.

ADHD: Prevalence

Occurs in about 5% of children worldwide.

ADHD: Diagnosis Age

Symptoms must appear before age 12 and be present in two or more settings.

ADHD: Gender Differences

More frequently diagnosed in boys

girls may be underdiagnosed due to less disruptive behavior.

ADHD: Treatment

Combination of behavioral therapy and stimulant medications (e.g. methylphenidate).

Substance Use Disorders: Definition

A pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.

Substance Use: DSM-5 Criteria

Includes tolerance withdrawal and failure to fulfill major obligations.

Substance Use: Risk Factors

Genetic vulnerability early use peer influence and trauma.

Substance Use: Common Substances

Alcohol cannabis opioids stimulants and hallucinogens.

Substance Use: Tolerance

Needing increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect.

Substance Use: Withdrawal

Physical or psychological symptoms when reducing or stopping use.

Substance Use: Relapse

Returning to substance use after a period of abstinence.

Personality Disorders: Definition

Enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations.

Personality Disorders: Clusters

Cluster A (odd/eccentric) B (dramatic/emotional) and C (anxious/fearful).

Borderline Personality Disorder: Features

Instability in relationships self-image and affect

impulsivity.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Features

Disregard for others' rights deceitfulness and lack of remorse.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Features

Grandiosity need for admiration and lack of empathy.

Avoidant Personality Disorder: Features

Social inhibition feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to criticism.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Preoccupation with orderliness perfectionism and control.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Treatment

Supportive therapy low-dose antipsychotics and social skills training.

Substance Use: Treatment Approaches

CBT motivational interviewing contingency management and medications.

ADHD: Neurobiology

Linked to dysregulation in dopamine and norepinephrine systems.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.

Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (review)

Hallucinations delusions and disorganized thinking are examples of positive symptoms.