mega. aphg.

Sect

A smaller group that has broken away from a larger religious organization, typically with differing beliefs or practices.

Sector Model

Suggests that people will live in the different sectors based on income levels

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.

Ubiquitous

present, appearing, or found everywhere.

Universalizing religion

a type of religion that is meant to be universally applicable to all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, culture, or geographic location.

Compact state

a type of political entity where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly, resulting in a roughly circular shape.

Exclusive Economic Zone

an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources.

Elongated State

a state shape that has a long sliver of land that extends far in one direction

Fragmented state

states that are separated into many noncontiguous parts, usually by water.

Franglais

a form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.

Global positioning system

US-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.

Greenbelt

a designated area of open land around urban areas, intended to limit urban sprawl and protect natural habitats.

Industrial Revolution

the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.

Landlocked state

A country that does not have any territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie solely on endorheic basins.

Microstate

A very small country

Nunavut

Nunavut is a massive, sparsely populated territory of northern Canada, forming most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

Nation state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Perforated state

one that completely surrounds another country (called an enclave).

Place

a specific location characterized by its physical and human attributes, shaping the identity and meaning of that area.

Taboo

cultural or social prohibitions that dictate what behaviors, practices, or discussions are considered unacceptable or forbidden within a society.

Bufferstate

A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers

Bulk gaining industry

make products that weigh more after assembly than before assembly

Bulk reducing industry

make products that weigh less after assembly than before assembly

centripetal force

an attitude that unifies people and enhances support for a state

federal state

a political entity characterized by the division of powers between a central government and regional governments, allowing for multiple levels of governance.

Formal region

an area within which everyone shares distinctive characteristics

Functional/nodal region

an area centered on a node, focal point, or central hub surrounded by interconnecting linkages

intervening obstacle

barriers that hinder or prevent migration from one place to another,

Factory farm

a system of rearing livestock using intensive methods, by which poultry, pigs, or cattle are confined indoors under strictly controlled conditions.

Missionary

individuals who are sent on a mission to promote their religious beliefs and convert others to their faith

Post-Fordist Production

Post-Fordist refers to the economic and production model that emerged after the Fordist model, which emphasized mass production and standardized goods.

Sovereignty

The political authority of a state to govern itself.

Squatter settlement

a collection of buildings aimed to provide housing and shelter for poor people in a city

Subsistence agriculture

form of farming in which early all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family

Vernacular/perceptual region

a region that is often defined differently amongst many various people. Vernacular regions are defined by a person's sense of place or history and don't have agreed on boundaries or locations.

Agribusiness

The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes.

Animism

the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Cultural shatterbelt

regions of cultural diversity and political instability with weak states, local rivalries, geostrategic importance, vital natural resources, and international interference.

Local culture

the set of behaviours, beliefs and customs that exist in a country

Footloose industry

an industry that can be located at any place without effect from factors of production such as resources, land, labour, and capital

Infrastructure

The fundamental physical systems and structures that support a society's functioning, including transportation networks (roads, bridges), communication systems, etc

New urbanism

seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

Nonmaterial culture

does not include any physical objects or artifacts, only includes thoughts or ideas

Polytheism

the belief in or worship of more than one god.

Popular culture

cultural practices, beliefs, and trends that are widely shared across a large geographic area, often rapidly diffused through mass media

Prorupted state

a state that has a compact main body of territory with a long, narrow extension protruding from it

Slash and burn agriculture

a widely used method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned.

Sprawl

the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land

Truck farming

a type of commercial gardening and fruit farming where crops are grown on a large scale specifically for shipment to distant markets

Unitary state

a (sovereign) state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority

Agglomeration

A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity

Cultural landscape

a geographic area where the visible features of the landscape, including buildings, land use patterns, and agricultural practices, reflect the cultural values and history of the people who inhabit it

Epidemiological transition

describes changing patterns of population age distributions, mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and causes of death.

Fordist production

a system of mass production characterized by standardized assembly lines, highly specialized labor with repetitive tasks

Gender gap

he disparities between men and women in various aspects of life, including economic participation, educational attainment, health outcomes, and political representation.

HDI

measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita

Maquiladora

a factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company.

Relic

a former political boundary that no longer exists but still leaves visible traces on the landscape

Polder

a piece of lowland land reclaimed from a body of water, like a lake or the sea, by building dikes around it and then draining the enclosed area, essentially creating new farmland from previously flooded land

Pull factor

something that attracts people to a place or an activity

Purchasing power parity

The rates of currency conversion that try to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies, by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries

Push factor

a negative condition or circumstance that compels someone to migrate away from their current location

Quotas

A numerical limit placed on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

Scale

Refers to the different levels of analysis used to study geographic phenomena, ranging from local to global perspectives

Sustainable Agriculture

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution

Agrarian

Anything related to agriculture, farming, and rural communities, essentially describing a society where the primary economic activity is cultivating land and raising livestock, shaping the social structure and lifestyle around these practices

Balkanization

The process where a region breaks down into smaller, often hostile political units, usually along ethnic, cultural, or religious lines, leading to instability and conflict

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals from a country, often to another with better economic opportunities, leading to a loss of valuable human capital in the originating country

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals a particular environment can sustainably support without degrading its natural resources

Chain Migration

The process where individuals from a particular community or region follow the path of earlier migrants from their same area to a new location

Cottage Industry

A small-scale business where production of goods happens primarily within people's homes, rather than in large factories, often utilizing traditional techniques and skills, typically prevalent before the Industrial Revolution

Economic Sectors

These sectors are often divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary, representing the progression from resource extraction to manufacturing and then to service-based activities.

Ethnic cleansing

The process by which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create their own nation or nation-state.

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)

When a company or individual from one country invests in a business or asset in another country

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering is the practice of manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group

Green revolution

a period primarily in the mid-20th century where new agricultural technologies like high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation systems were introduced to developing countries

Paddy

a flooded field used for growing rice

Reapportionment

the process of redistributing seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among states based on population changes as determined by the decennial census

Refugees

a person who has been forced to flee their home country due to war, violence, persecution, or other serious threats, seeking safety in another country where they are unable to return to their home country due to ongoing danger

Weber

a model developed by German economist Alfred Weber that explains the optimal location for industries based on minimizing transportation costs and maximizing market accessibility.

Density

The number of individuals living per unit area, typically expressed as people per square kilometer or mile

Economies of Scale

A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others

Four Asian Tigers

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan; these countries experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, becoming highly developed economies in East Asia, often used as a model for other developing nations.

Life expectancy

A statistical measure that estimates the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates

Market area/Hinterland

The geographical region surrounding a central place (like a city or town) from which people are drawn to access goods and services

Milkshed

The geographical area surrounding a city where milk can be supplied without spoiling

Superimposed

A type of political boundary that is drawn over a region without considering the existing cultural, ethnic, or tribal divisions of the people living there, often leading to conflict

Multinational state

A country that contains multiple distinct ethnic groups or nationalities within its borders

Net migration

The difference between the number of people immigrating to a region and the number of people emigrating from that region

Potential reserve

A deposit of a natural resource that is believed to exist but has not yet been discovered or verified using current technology

Public services

Services provided by the government to citizens and businesses, primarily aimed at providing security and protection, including things like police, fire departments, courts, and public schools

Standard language

A codified and widely accepted form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communication

TFR

An estimate of the average number of children born to each female in her childbearing years

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Dependency Ratio

The proportion of people in a population considered "dependent" (typically children under 15 and adults over 64) compared to the number of people within the "working-age" group (usually 15-64)

Literacy rate

The percentage of a population within a specific age group who can read and write

Natural increase rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Official language

A language that is legally designated by a government as the primary language for official communication and administration within a country

Overpopuation

A situation where the number of people in a given area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them at a decent standard of living