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What is E-Commerce (EC)
Buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks.
What is E-Business?
Includes EC but also involves servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and internal transactions.
What determines Pure vs. Partial Electronic Commerce?
The degree of digitization involved in the business.
What are Brick-and-Mortar organizations?
Purely physical businesses that operate offline. Example: Buying books at a university bookstore.
What are Virtual (Click-Only) organizations?
Companies that operate only in EC with no physical presence.
Example: Ordering and downloading a book from Amazon Kindle.
What are Click-and-Mortar (Clicks-and-Bricks) organizations?
Businesses that combine physical and online operations.
Example: Ordering a physical book from Amazon or Best Buy.
What is Partial EC?
A mix of digital and physical business operations.
What are the six common types of EC?
B2C – Business-to-Consumer (e.g., Amazon, Walmart online)
B2B – Business-to-Business (e.g., supply chains)
C2C – Consumer-to-Consumer (e.g., eBay, Facebook Marketplace)
B2E – Business-to-Employee (e.g., employee portals, payroll)
G2C – Government-to-Citizen (e.g., tax payments online)
M-Commerce – Mobile commerce via smartphones (e.g., Apple Pay, Uber Eats)
What is a business model?
An abstraction of what an enterprise is and describes how the enterprise delivers a product or service.
What is a online direct marketing model?
Selling online directly to customers
What is a electronic tendering system model?
B2B reverse auction that involves requesting quotes from suppliers
What is a name your own price model?
Using an intermediary customer to decide how much they are willing to pay.
What is a find the best price model?
Intermediaries search for and provide the best price for what customers want.
What is an affiliate marketing model?
Logos or banners are placed on partner sites; if purchases are made then the advertiser pays a commission to the affiliate.
What is a viral marketing model?
“Friend marketing”: relying on people to tell their friends electronically about products.
What is a group purchasing (e-coops) model?
A group of buyers negotiate volume discounts,
What is a online auction model?
Products are auctioned online
What is a product customization model?
Online self-configuration of products that are individually produced
What are electronic marketplaces and exchanges models?
Online private (one seller) or public (many sellers) marketplaces attract buyers.
What is a bartering online model?
Exchanges or sales of products without the exchange of cash using an intermediary (i.e. auction using “points”)
What is a deep discounters model?
An online direct sales at low prices (i.e. deeply discounted) for special promotions or “fire sales”
What is a membership model?
Only members can use services.
What are Electronic Catalogs?
Digital product listings with fixed prices.
What are online auctions?
Selling goods through bidding (e.g., forward and reverse auctions).
What is the difference between forward and reverse auctions?
Forward - try to obtain highest amount for a product by a buyer
Reverse - the buyer tries to obtain the lowest price
What are the benefits of EC?
Expands business reach to global markets.
Reduces operational costs.
Customers access products 24/7.
Improves efficiency and convenience.
What are the limitations of EC?
Security concerns.
Limited internet access in some areas.
Legal uncertainties.
Lack of trust in online transactions.
What are the key aspects of B2C EC?
Electronic Storefronts – Websites selling products (e.g., Nike.com).
Electronic Malls – Multiple e-stores under one website (e.g., Amazon, Google Shopping).
Online Services – Banking, travel, job search, advertising.
What are the three business models of B2B EC?
Sell-Side Marketplace – Businesses sell to other businesses (e.g., Dell Auctions).
Buy-Side Marketplace – Businesses request quotes from suppliers (e.g., reverse auctions).
Electronic Exchanges – Public platforms connecting multiple buyers & sellers.
What are common online advertising methods?
Banner Ads – Static or animated ads on websites.
Pop-Up Ads – Ads that appear in a separate window when visiting a site.
Pop-Under Ads – Similar to pop-ups but open behind the main browser window.
Spamming – Unsolicited mass emails for advertising.
Permission Marketing – Users opt-in to receive ads (e.g., email newsletters).
Viral Marketing – Relies on social sharing to spread promotional messages.
What is self-service advertising?
Advertising purchased without the assistance of a sales representative.
What is brand advertising?
Relies on large advertising campaigns that emphasize the company’s brand
What is performance-based advertising?
Occurs when the advertising company pays only for measurable results e.g. click-through-rate, conversion rate
What is impression-based advertising?
Occurs when a company purchases a set amount of impressions. An impression is a single instance of an ad appearing on a website.
What determines ad placement in Google Ads?
Ad Rank = Max Bid × Quality Score
What is Channel Conflict in E-tailing?
Competing with physical stores.
What is Showrooming in E-tailing?
Customers check products in-store but buy online.
What is Order Fulfillment in E Tailing?
Fast shipping & returns management.
What is multichanelling in E-tailing?
A process many companies use to integrate their online and off-line channels?
What are the three basic types of public exchanges?
Vertical - connect buyers and sellers in a given industry
Horizontal - connect buyers and sellers across industries
Functional - provide needed services such as temporary help
What are key ethical issues in EC?
Privacy Concerns – Tracking personal data without consent.
Fraud – Fake websites, scams, misleading ads.
Cybersquatting – Registering domain names to resell at high prices.
Copyright Issues – Protecting digital content.
Taxation Issues – Collecting and enforcing online taxes.
Domain Tasting - a practice of registrants using the five-day “grace period” at the beginning of a domain registration to profit from pay-per-click advertising.
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